A Birthday Suprise

It was 31st May of 2013 and it was my father’s birthday. He is the type/kind of person who prefers simple dinners with his own family instead of noisy celebration with relatives and friends. It was Friday and after we wished him happy birthday, he went to work. Well my father thought that we were just going to have a dinner as always. But this is what he knew while my mom and I had organized a birthday surprise. My mom had invited all his close friends and family for a party in the evening. Everything was prepared. Even I passed all the day shopping to buy a present for my father. I couldn’t wait till my father came home. Anyway he arrived sooner, I began to get dressed. I was extremely excited. My mom had the most difficult ‘task’ if I can say so. She had to convince him to wear a suit and she made it up. I think that my dad understood that he had missed something. So he began to ask where are we going and why is he wearing a dress. I told him we changed the reservation. But finally we arrived and everyone was waiting for him. When my father entered in, all began to sing the happy birthday song. I remember the look on his face, extremely surprised and indeed flattered. He had teary eyes as we ran to embrace him. Everyone had a wonderful time during father’s birthday bash. Time by time I have a look to those photos we had. It really was a special day. 2 terbilang Bab 9 : Juara Songsang (Sabrina Halid) Ahli-ahli Pasukan Zamrud II tidak menyangka bahawa Pasukan Aura Suci bertindak jahat dengan merampas buah cempedak aneh tersebut . Mereka sungguh kecewa . Tiba-tiba Adeen memberitahu mereka bahawa cabaran Pasukan Zamrud II belum berakihir dan mengarahkan mereka mencari pasu emas itu di atas lantai terowong . Pasukan Aura Suci telah dibatalkan penyertaan mereka kerana didapati menggunakan kaedah tidak bermoral terhadap Pasukan Zamrud II. Para ahli Pasukan Zamrud II segera berpatah balik dan mencari pasu emas itu . Pauline menemukan pasu emas itu . Dengan itu , pasukan Zamrud II telah berjaya ke pusingan kedua . (Danisha Rai ) Para ahli pasukan Pertandingan Avatari untuk bersedia untuk memulakan pusingan kedua . Semasa pertandingan baru berlangsung, Adeen mendapat salah satu cip mikroelektrik penting mesin Avatari sudah hilang. Anggota apsukan Zamrud II mula resah . Adeen yang lebih tertekan . Tiba-tiba Adeen teringat akan Pak cik Tan ada membawa papan litar gentian dan cip yang sama pasti ada di atas papan litar tu . AAdeen bernasib baik kerana papan litar itu masih ada lengkap dengan cip mikroelektrik, Adeen segera memasang cip itu. Para ahli pasukan Zamrud II sudah bersedia untuk berjuang . Mereka telah mendapat jawapan kepada teka silang kata iaitu â€Å" buaya† . Jawapan itu tepat dan avatar Pasukan Zamrud II memasuki kawasan padang pasir . Mereka berada dalam zaman Mesir purba, iaitu pada zaman Firaun. Setelah melepasi halangan daripada ulat besar, mereka akhirnya berjaya sampai ke kawasan bangunan luas. Di situ mereka berjaya menemukan buaya emas. Adeen mengarahkan ahli pasukkanya pergi ke Kuil Abu Simbel untuk mengutip lebih banyak harta karun . Pasukan Zamrud II berjaya ke pusingan ketiga. ( Diana Syazhanny) Dalam pusingan ketiga, cabarannya ialah bertanding permainan tradisi . Setiap pasukan akan bertanding dengan pasukan lain untuk menentukan pasukan mana yang layak ke pertandingan akhir . Setaip pasukan mesti menguasai sebanyak mungkin permainan . Pauline memilih memanah . AIna memilih congkak . Anas memilih catur . Anjali pula memilh mahjong . Apabila pusingan ketiga tamat, Jepun menduduki tempat pertama , Rusia di tempat kedua , Australia di tempat ketiga dan Amerika Syarikat di tempat keempat . Malysia berkongsi markah dengan Thailand dan Republik Rakyat China . Oleh sebab terdapat tiga pasukan yang layak , maka satu pemecah seri akan diadakan . Halim muncul untuk menetukan pasukan mana yang mendapat tempat kelima untuk ke pertandingan akhir . Setiap pasukan akan diberi satu peluang untuk meneka apa yang ada di dalam genggaman Halim . Thailand meneka guli. China meneka wang syiling . Malysia melalui Aina meneka belalang. Tekaanya tepat . Pasukan Zmrud II layak ke pertandingan akhir .

Organizational psychology Essay

I’m likely to be motivated most by personal growth factors. This is understandable for a person who seeks personal fulfillment and development. I’m achievement oriented and have a preference for an interesting and challenging job. However, all other factors pertinent to work environment are also important to me. There are several formal theories of motivation that help me to increase my own productivity and motivate my colleagues. The two-factor theory divides factors that affect employee performance and productivity into two broad categories, namely motivation factors (encompassing factors related to satisfaction and work content) and hygiene factors (those related to dissatisfaction and work conditions). The focus in the organization should be on enhancing employee motivation to the extent that it provides opportunities for (a) achievement, (b) recognition, (c) responsibility, (d) advancement, and (e) growth in competence. According to the two-factor model, both ‘satisfiers’ and ‘dissatisfiers’ are of value to a person that ranks factors related to the content of work (e. g. recognition and chances to advance) as high as factors related to work conditions (e. g. friendly co-workers and flexible schedule). For me, reward and recognition are less important than the nature of a job. Material needs are less important for me than personal satisfaction or clients’ approval. The most applicable theory in my case is Goal Setting Theory. Goal Setting Theory is the most critically acclaimed theory of motivation. It argues that individuals are motivated to achieve goals they set, and the strength of their motivation depends on goal specificity, goal difficulty, and commitment and feedback. Other moderating factors include self-efficacy of an employee and task complexity. My perception of difficulty of achieving a goal might be too subjective and my reliance on feedback might be less than by other employees, yet I’m very result-driven and challenged by complex yet interesting tasks. My motivation is influenced by the difficulty of goals (such as ensuring high customer satisfaction ratings on big projects were there are many stakeholders), yet goals’ value (excitement from working on a specific type of project delivering good results rather than cash influx) is more important. My superiors have recognized that it is important to give me freedom in choosing projects I’m motivated to work on and allow me to set my own objectives and performance measures. My high appreciation of autonomy and power also suggest that I am more effective as an individual worker than a team player. This is yet another reason why Goal Setting Theory is appropriate for my motivation: it has been argued that workers with higher self-efficacy are more effective in personal goal setting and fulfillment. However, this does not mean that I don’t value team spirit as a means of motivating my co-workers. Our company’s motto is ‘Let’s Build Something Together. ’ Therefore, encouraging teamwork is one of the ways to increase motivation and productivity. Our management succeeded in gathering and developing an outstanding crew by applying several important principles of group work management which I also follow. I foster group cohesion by a variety of methods and believed that sound preparation, ego less teamwork, and original strategizing are the inherent components of success. In my view, the emphasis should have been on team performance rather than individual performance. People, management, and psychology are three important aspects of teamwork. The emphasis on continuous learning makes it possible to stay ahead. When skills and knowledge of all group members combine in a way that exceeds the sum of knowledge of all individual members, the synergy effect can be observed, i. . the system as a whole has certain qualities its elements do not have. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to pay attentive to group cohesion so that exceptional results can be achieved with limited human resources available in each organization. Group decision making means not only working to achieve better solutions but also promote growth of community and trust. Group decision making ensures much higher level of member satisfaction and motivation. Greater commitment is also among important advantages of group decision making. Open, collaborative atmosphere ensures contribution from all levels and no domination, intimidation or judgment from the boss. Participation in problem solving increases acceptance; some even argue that a lower-quality solution that has wide acceptance can be more effective than a higher-quality solution that lacks acceptance. It’s possible to conclude that I’m motivated by complex yet interesting tasks, while teamwork and group decision making are the tools I use to motivate others.

An Analysis of Mark Sloukas Argument on the Lack of Humanities in American Education

An Analysis of Mark Slouka's Argument on the Lack of Humanities in American Education In â€Å"Dehumanized: When Math and Science Rule the School†, Mark Slouka addresses the lack of humanities in American education curriculum, in contrast to the overwhelming focus on math and science. For the educational system, this translates as an imbalanced approach to teaching students how to think creatively and authentically. â€Å"†¦the problem today is disequilibrium. Why is every Crisis in American Education cast as an economic threat and never a civic one?† (37) While Slouka certainly uses many rhetorical techniques throughout his article to criticize the focus on math and science in American education, this might be the most striking one. Why an education recovery automatically equals to an economy recovery? Why doesn’t the public see a progress in education as a progress in the student’s ability to think more creatively or to analyze problems more critically? Slouka suggests that we pay less attention on educational crisis as a ‘civic threat’ because: â€Å"we don’t have the language for it. Our focus is on the usual economic indicators. There are no corresponding â€Å"civic indicators,† no generally agreed-upon warning signs of political vulnerability, even though the inability of more than two thirds of our college graduates to read a text and draw rational inferences could be seen as the political equivalent of runaway inflation or soaring unemployment.† (37) As Slouka stated, economic crises are quantifiable, while civic crises are usually not and therefore, there is an underwhelming focus on humanities in the education system. By ‘civic indicators’, Slouka refers to the signs that help pointing out troubling issues that could impose disastrous consequences on the human values of the citizens in the country. In Slouka’s sense, civic indicators could also refer to the degree of democracy in the economy. Slouka argues that â€Å"Political freedom, whatever the market evangelists may tell us, is not an automatic by-product of a growing economy† (36) Through this claim, Slouka is trying to convey to us that a developed economy does not automatically result in high level of political liberation. Thus, in order to solve this issue, the politicians should place more importance on humanities in education and let the ‘human’ aspects of the students grow along with their quantitative skills that could potentially drive economic output. Humanities can help us achieve this middle-ground and enhance as well as liberate the student’s political standpoint because humanities, unlike math and science, teach us â€Å"not what to do but how to be.† (37) But aren’t there not enough warning signs of civic crisis out there, not enough to motivate the politicians and the governmental board of education to start gearing the country’s education system towards humanities? Several times in Dehumanized, Slouka points out concerning issues due to the lack of humanities in schools. He mentions Brent Staples, from New York Times, who claims that â€Å"the American education system is failing â€Å"to produce the fluent writers required by the new economy.† (34) The Education Commission of the States published a report saying that â€Å"state and local leaders are realizing that the arts and culture are vital to economic development† and several states have even â€Å"developed initiatives that address the connections between economic growth and the arts and the culture†. (36) Moreover, the embarrassingly low voter turnout in the recent years can also serve as a strong ‘civic indicator’ of the diminishing knowledge or focus the younger generations placed on the policies and programs that are adopted by the government. Too many members of society are ignorant to the significance of their involvement in the political arena. The lack of knowledge stems from the lack of information received in the educational process. It is in the area of the humanities that the individual gains an appreciation and understanding for their role as a citizen in a democracy. Even with all these reasons, the politicians still decided to turn a blind-eye on the importance of the humanities and continued on their quest to produce economically-beneficial worker-bees. American politicians are obsessed with maintaining America’s position as the world economic leader. Thus, they would not stop pushing the education curriculum towards math and science, because they are the subjects that have the most obvious potential in growing the economy. â€Å"Ah, Singapore. You’ll hear a good deal about Singapore if you listen to the chorus of concern over American education. If only we could be more like Singapore. If only our education system could be as efficient as Singapore’s.† (35) Slouka is annoyed by America’s unreasonable attitude in comparing its own education system to that of Singapore. Singapore’s education system is well-known for its heavy focus on math and science, in which Slouka views as â€Å"obsessive, exclusionary, altogether unhealthy.† (38) He uses a slightly mocking tone in the quoted paragraph above to imply that American should be focusing on improving its own in what he believes, broken – education system instead of trying to get ahead of the others. Slouka is convinced that the reason that the American education system overlooks the crucial role of humanities in developing the nation is not because of the shortage of civic indicators. However, even with plenty civic indicators, politicians are still much more attracted to quantifiable measures and the false pride that comes with America triumphing over another country’s economy. One would hope that the appreciation of the humanities and the corresponding civic indicators becomes a reality for more people. â€Å"The humanities, in short, are a superb delivery mechanism for what we might call democratic values. There is no better than I am aware of.† (37) Slouka believes that those who can grasp the concept and comprehend the condition of the nation by paying attention to the civic indicators and the humanities are people who are beginning to realize and truly understand the world around them. If American people are to ever fulfill their dreams of a true democracy, then it is imperative to break away from the hypnotic grip this capitalist system has upon us.

4th 5th 6th amendment criminal rights Research Paper

4th 5th 6th amendment criminal rights - Research Paper Example Even though these amendments were introduced by James Madison in 1789 to the First United States Congress, it came into exist with effect only 1791 onwards only. Earlier majority of the states hesitated to accept these amendments which caused the delay. But three fourths of the states accepted it in 1791 and bill of rights became the part of US constitution from then onwards. Even though James Madison was the architect of these amendments, the contributions from other prominent personalities like Thomas Jefferson helped Madison immensely in attaching these amendments to the US constitution These ten amendments or Bill of rights protects basic rights of American citizens in many ways. It ensures free speech, free press, free assembly and association etc. It prohibits federal government from infringing into the human right issues such as liberty, equality and freedom of expression. It also prevented the Congress from making any controversial law which may affect the religious freedom enjoyed by the American people. It also ensures speedy and impartial trial and court procedures in public offense cases. In a true democratic state, the public should hold the power instead of the government and Bill of rights was an attempt to give more power to the public which earlier enjoyed by the governments. This paper briefly analyses only the fourth, fifth and sixth amendments The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized2. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the public against illegal or unreasonable searches and seizures. Earlier, law enforcement agencies misused their power in many ways to take revenge upon their

Sylvia Plath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sylvia Plath - Essay Example Sylvia Path had a way of making words change into pictures and imagery. Her works have been very beautifully cited as works of art in the field of literature. Sylvia Plath was born in Boston, in October 1932. She was born as a first child to Aurelia and Emil Plath, who was a biology professor at the Boston University at that time. When Sylvia turned eight, her father died of lung cancer and Aurelia Plath had to work at two places to support the family. This was the time when Sylvia's first drawing and poem were published in Boston newspapers. (Liukkonen, 2000) She got her intitial education from Phillips Junior High School, where she maintained very good grades. She started writing poetry for the literary magazine in her school also, by that time. She won an award in the National Scholastic's Literary Contest, in addition to the Carnegie Institute's Achievement Certificate, which was a very honorable award. In 1950, after graduating from Bradford High School, she got admitted to Smith College on a full scholarship. However, after returning home from New York, she found out that she had been rejected at Harvard's Summer School's Literary Class. She tried committing suicide by taking sleeping pills, due to the great depression caused by this news. After graduating, she won another bright scholarship to Cambridge University, England. This was an important period of her life as she continued to shine with her academia achievements and then met a British poet, Ted Hughes. After getting married, four months later, they shifted to Boston where Plath enrolled in Robert Lowell's poetry classes at Boston University. (Welz, 1999) In 1960, after her first child was born, Sylvia got her first major work published, that being called "The Colossus and Other Poem". This also included 'Lady Lazarus' and 'Daddy', in which Plath indulged in open, expressive poetry. This was a difficult time for the author, since she was overcome by suspicions of Ted Hughes's infidelity. These suspicions came true when Ted left Sylvia devastated and financially over burdened, for another woman. "Every woman adores a Fascist, The boot in the face, the brute Brute heart of a brute like you". (From 'Daddy', 1966) Plath died on February 11, 1963 in London by committing suicide. She was a commendable author and her works create a sense of emotion in the reader. Her tombstone still reads the pride achieved through her literary work. Sylvia Plath is considered a legend. And there is no doubt, to why so. Her Works: Besides, having The Bell Jar, as her most awarded piece of work, Sylvia's other poems also attracted praise and recognition. Some of these include (Liukkonen, 2000) Three Women, 1962 - radio play, BBC Uncollected Poems, 1965 Crossing The Water, 1971 A

The case for christ (student edition) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The case for christ (student edition) - Essay Example His Divinity was evidenced by His resurrection from the dead and ascension to heaven. To ask the reliability of Jesus Christ is also to ask the historical accuracy and competence of the Holy Bible because it is the source of our information about Jesus Christ. For academic discussion, it may be necessary to cross reference the existence of Jesus Christ from other sources other than the Bible itself. Jesus Christ was recognized to have existed by early historians such as Tacitus, the first century Roman historian who is touted to be the most credible historian of the ancient world. In his historical recordings, â€Å"Christians† (derived from Christus, the Latin equivalent for Christ) was already mentioned in an unflattering way considering that he is a Roman. He mentioned that a certain superstitious â€Å"Christian† or â€Å"Christus† existed during the reign of Tiberius and suffered under Pontius Pilate. In the same breadth, the legendary Jewish historian also made an account of Jesus Christ. In his â€Å"Antiquities†, he mentioned that there was a â€Å"Christ† who is a brother of James. Again, he referred Jesus Christ in an unflattering way considering he is a Jew: â€Å"Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man. For he was one who wrought surprising feats....He was [the] Christ...he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him.† One version reads, â€Å"At this time there was a wise man named Jesus. His conduct was good and [he] was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. But those who became his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his crucifixion, and that he was alive; accordingly he was perhaps the Messiah, concerning whom the

Organisational Change and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organisational Change and Leadership - Essay Example Using the example of Property Services Agency privatisation already embarked upon in the United Kingdom, the report will review the issue of organisational change and leadership, while giving a thorough analysis of the agency, conducting empirical research of the problem within the limits of current time period, and in accordance to established legislation. The end of the report will identify the ultimate conclusions on the effectiveness of the privatisation processes for both, the government that has taken the object to its privacy, and for the object of privatisation itself that has either started to perform more successfully, or experienced to meet the downfall in its operational activity. When speaking of organisational change - n important tool in management that is aimed to provide sustainable development and constant growth, - it is worth to mention leadership which is vital quality of manager who is eager to come with the best solution and outcome for the planned change or innovation. Being a private organisation, PSA aims to provide, manage, maintain, and furnish the property used by the government, including defence establishments, offices, courts, research laboratories, training centres and land until restructure and organisational change have come into play and imposed PSA to government's privacy. Within the leadership literature, researchers have sought to identify and describe effective leadership from various perspectives. Universal theories proposed that the same leader traits (e.g., for a review, see Bass, 1990) or behaviors (e.g., Bowers & Seashore) create favorable results in all situations. An inability to consistently predict effectiveness (for a review, see Yukl, 1989) led to the development of situation-contingent theories. Researchers postulated that a leader's effectiveness would be moderated by situational variables that either intensified or decreased the effects of a leader's traits (e.g., Fiedler, 1967) and behaviors (e.g., House, 1971; Vroom & Yetton, 1973). Research testing the utility and predictive value of this real-trait, real-behavior research has produced mixed results ( Yuki, 1989). More recently, an alternative, cognitive-attribution approach has been developed to explain the link between leader performance and perceptual processes ( Lord & Maher, 1990). Research suggests that leadership perceptions, indeed, may often be based on both traits ( Lord, De Vader, & Alliger, 1986) and behaviors and events ( Calder, 1977; Meindl & Ehrlich, 1987; Meindl, Ehrlich, & Dukerich, 1985). Rather than attempting to understand a leader's effectiveness in terms of real traits and behaviors, however, this interpretation is based on observers' subjective realities, as described by more general accounts of person perception and information processing ( Lord, 1985) or attribution theory ( Calder, 1977). In other words, leadership is in the eye of the beholder. A leader may assert influence stemming from several different bases of power (e.g., French & Raven, 1959). The success or failure of an influence attempt depends, however, on whether the influence target actually accords such power to the leader. Without follower responsiveness, leader power is meaningless. The specific relationship between

Distance Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Distance Education - Research Paper Example It is therefore a vital concept that serves the interest of the people of all categories, both full time and part time students, who may also be engaged in other aspects of life such as working, or even domestic responsibilities, thus they may not be able to attend to a classroom setting. The change in the social, economic and technological conditions have brought about the need for educational advancement, considering that the more the society advances in the technological, social and economic spheres, the higher the demand for educational attainment and advancement. Therefore, the concept â€Å"is emerging as an increasingly important component of higher education† (Bradford, 1999). It has opened an opportunity that can be exploited by those who have always had the desire to advance their education, but were limited by the traditional concept of attending classrooms. This opportunity is even more crucial to the disabled people, who are well served through Distance Education, as opposed to attending physical classrooms, which proves a great challenge for them (Barnard-Brak, Paton, & Sulak, n.d.). Additionally, Distance Education has made it possible for â€Å"Adults who work full time, family people, and people from remote countries all over the world† to access education, while they â€Å"would otherwise never even dream of it† (Bozorgmanesh, 2011). Despite all these benefits as provided by Distance Education, there are numerous challenges that are associated with this modern concept. Therefore, this discussion seeks to critically assess the concept of Distance Education, with a focus on advancing the argument that Distance Education is not an effective mode of Education acquisition. Discussion First, the mode of offering instructions highly determines how effective learning will be for students. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that technology, the means through which Distance Education is offered, can replace the instructional offering made by the teachers in a classroom setting. For example, the stakeholders and the teachers of Eagle County, CO, school district opposed â€Å"replacing face-to-face instructors with a digital option they argued would not be as rich or as meaningful† (Quillen, 2012). It is easier for teachers issuing direct instructions to the students, to assess whether students are clearly understanding the instructions given, since the absorption of instructions is not only assessable through the performance of a student in a test, but also through the observable behavior of such a student. While learning in a classroom setting offers an opportunity for the teacher to assess how well the students have internalized the instructions, the concept of Distance Education does not provide such a valuable opportunity, since the instructional offering through Distance Education is limited to online communications and conversations, which are not as effective and convenient as face-to-face instructi ons (Bradford, 1999). Distance Education could be beneficial due to its budget efficiency possibilities, where an institution can effectively reduce the number of staff and still reach the same number of students as would happen with a large number of teachers in a classroom setting (Mayadas, Bourne, & Bacsich, 2009). However, the issue is that the quality of the education obtained by the large number of studen

A short REPORT On Frederick Winslow Taylor Essay

A short REPORT On Frederick Winslow Taylor - Essay Example He developed philosophies based on shop-management, earning him the title, â€Å"Father of Scientific Management.† In the steel company, Winslow had noted a trend among the workers. He noticed that some of the workers were lazy, and not working to their abilities. This had a negative effect on the output of work, therefore reducing the company productivity. This compelled Winslow to develop a task management system, which he used to handle work in an objective manner and determine the efficiency and productivity of work in the company. This idea bore Winslow’s Principles of Scientific Management (NetMBA; â€Å"Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)†). In 1911, Fredrick Taylor published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor developed four principles to apply to work. This was after spending years doing different experiments to prove his principles. In the first principle, Taylor recommended that the rule-of-thumbs method in work, be replaced with new methods that employed scientific study of different work. His second principle suggested that training of workers should not be left to be their individual responsibility. However, this responsibility should be left to the managers who should recruit, train, and ensure the active personal development of the workers, while ensuring the use of scientific methods. In the third principle, Taylor suggested that company management should perform a follow-up on the workers through their supervision, in order to ensure that the workers adhere to the prescribed methods, which are scientifically oriented. In the last principle, Taylor recommended that the company workload should be equally distributed between the employers and the workers. However, the employer, who is the manager, will be charged with work involving scientific management of the company in planning work, while the employees are tasked with executing the tasks. Taylor’s scientific principles of management aimed at increasing productivity and efficiency of work. Instead of apprenticeship, scientific management called for segmentation of work into different parts that could be performed by different unskilled people after short trainings (Daft, 2009; Taylor, 2003; Taylor, 1947). Taylor developed the term soldering to refer to the underperformance of workers, which he linked to the workers’ belief that if they work effectively, some of them risked losing their jobs. Underperformance of workers was also because of the poor wages they were subjected to. Employees therefore felt that effectiveness in their work would result in exploitation, as wages were not paid according to the workload performed. Finally, the rule-of-thumb method of working employed by workers was less effective as it resulted in low work output. In his time studies, Taylor believed that every work type could be planned properly to increase its productivity. He however thought that his scientific management was more effec tive as compared to the old â€Å"initiative and incentive† method, which was used to motivate workers. His arguments were that, in the initiative and incentive method, the workers were only motivated and increased productivity, but the whole responsibility of planning and executing work was wholly left for them to perform. On the other hand, the scientific management method provided the opportunity for both work productivity and work planning to be performed in the best ways by

Sex and Violence in movies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sex and Violence in movies - Research Paper Example There are various different genres of movies that show an increased sexual content and violence. For example, horror movies, crime based movies and war movies have increased levels of violence and similarly romantic comedies have been bordering towards showing increased sexual content. Additionally, movies that are considered to be avant-garde and cult, instead of mainstream also have an increased display of both sexual content and violence. Even though the Motion Picture Association of America’s Classification and Ratings Administration has set down the various ratings that determine suitable viewing, it is important to understand that the level of acceptance of violence and sex is much higher (Abraham and Basuroy, 2004). To illustrate, movies like Stuart Gordon’s unrated Re-animator (1985) and the films of Larry Clark have received criticism for being extremely violent and for showing excessive sexual content. It is also interesting to note that how the levels of acceptance among the audience have also been increasingly slowly. For instance, when the young audiences watch a movie like The Exorcists, instead of being terrified and shocked, they watch it more like a comedy movie (Curti and Selva, 2003). Therefore, the definition of what is considered to be extreme and what is considered to be acceptable keeps on changing generation after generation. Effects of Sex and Violence on Movie audience The high level of sexually explicit content along and violence does indeed have an effect on the audience. It is a universally accepted fact that movies have the capacity to influence people and their actions. In this scenario, it is necessary to highlight some of the negative influence that both sex and violence in movies have on their audience. 1. Desensitizing – Constant exposure to violence as well as sexual content can reduce the sensitivity among the viewers. This can create a notion that such behavior is acceptable in the society. In some cases, it can result in the distortion of world view. Therefore, crimes related to sex or violence may lose perspective as real crimes in the vision of the people (Williams, 1995). By increasing the extremity of the element of violence in movies, the tendency would be that the audience will not react strongly if and when they encounter or hear about such instances in real life. Therefore, increasing the realism of movies to make it extreme by adding higher sounds and bigger screens such as in the beginning of the movie Saving Private Ryan (1998), does have a tendency to desensitize the audience. In today’s society, that is replete with increasing instances of violence and terrorism, it is very important for individuals to be se nsitive and to understand the impact of such acts. Therefore, it is really unfair to desensitize an audience. 2. Negative effects on children and youth – The categories of individuals that get most affected by acts of violence and sex in the movies are children and youth. For them, everything that they see on the big screen is glamorized and is something that they can imitate in their real life. Extreme scenes of violence as well as high level of sexual content can attract the youth and make them imitate it as a part of their hero worship. For some others, witnessing such scenes can have traumatic experiences and affect psychologically. The genre of movies that came to be known as the slasher movies like I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), and Urban Legend (1998) were criticized for

History of Modern Philosophy Essay Example for Free

History of Modern Philosophy Essay 1- How, and with what success, does Hume deal with the apparent anomaly of the missing shade of blue? In A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume attempt to rid 18th century moral philosophy of what he considered to be meaningless and vacuous concepts underlying our theory of knowledge be it metaphysical arguments or hypotheses seemingly formulated from the mere imagination of many philosophers. Influenced by the emerging trend of empiricism and naturalistic science like Newton and Locke, which Hume owed much of his basic principles from Hume presented the Treatise as an attempt to introduce experimental methods of reasoning into the area of moral philosophy. In the first book of the Treatise, entitled Of the Understanding, Hume devoted the first part Of the Origin of our Ideas for explaining the basis of his philosophical system that appeals on the similar empiricist approach as that of Lockes. However, curiously, Hume had cited an explicit counter-argument the problem of missing shade of blue that could invalidate his whole philosophical system that is based on this central principle. Even more puzzling is Humes complacency with this problem, and although he considers the problem as singular and exceptional, he fully admitted to this counter example and did not try to resolve it. Yet, this case merits a deeper investigation, and it is this essays attempt to see whether his apparent complacency with the missing shade of blue would have any effect on the strength of his philosophical system, and other attempts to render this problem irrelevant. The problem of the missing shade of blue by Hume is as follows: suppose a man who is well acquainted with colours for thirty years and has seen all the colours in the set of possible colour spectrum, except for one particular shade of blue. Then, he is presented with a full spectrum of the shades of blue, from the darkest shade to the darkest, all except the one particular shade in which he has not yet encountered. It is then conceivable that this man would be able to produce this single missing shade of blue. The problem of this lies in the basis of the empiricist doctrine at which Hume is following, namely, that all ideas must be preceded by experience, yet, in this example, it is demonstrated that it is possible for an idea to precede sensation experience, as the man is able to produce the idea of the missing shade of blue without having first encountered it through his senses. At this point, I would like to elaborate more on Humes theory of mind and the origin of ideas as that would clarify why this example is so damaging to Humes system. As stated before, Humes project can be put into a general label of empiricism, which is a belief that all knowledge comes from experience. Much of his line of argument resembles that of Lockes, another prominent empiricist. Hume even borrowed Lockes key terminology to a certain extent, with terms like ideas and impressions. Locke believes that ideas are whatever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding, as when one perceives, thinks, or understands, the ideas are before the mind. This limits all ideas to be originated from experience (perception), and also shows the connection between thought and perception and their interchangeable nature. The ideas can be divided into ideas of sensation (touch, smell, sight, etc.) and ideas of reflection (fear, happiness, sadness, etc.), which can then be separated further into simple and complex ideas, where complex ideas are derived from simple ones. Hume follows this line of argument with some modifications. He claims he restores the term ideas to its original sense by classifying the objects the mind is perceiving as perceptions, not directly as ideas as Locke have used, and from perceptions he then distinguished them into impressions and ideas, where they differ in degree, as impressions are more vivid and forceful before the mind, such when sees a colour, and the ideas are more faint, such when one thinks of a colour after having the impressions of it. Hume then makes the distinction of simple and complex ideas, and by introspection, Hume demonstrates that one can think of any simple ideas and then find corresponding simple impressions that are exact copies of each other, and one can do this with any conceivable simple ideas. Complex ideas are different in that they are composites of simple ideas. And with this experiment in introspection, Hume then postulates his first thesis, That all our simple ideas in their first appearance are derivd from simple impressions, which are correspondent to them, and which they exactly represent. We may call this the Copy Principle, as it simply states that every simple idea is a copy of a corresponding impression. One of the most important components of this thesis is the fact that its a genetic one in that it shows the origin of ideas as following from impressions as impressions to be the cause of ideas. Again, this is proved by the constant conjunction of simple impressions preceding simple ideas, which one can do to every simple idea one may have. Another support Hume gives is that of a man born defective of certain perceptive organs, hence, missing certain impressions (e.g. sight or sound), one would not have any ideas of those corresponded with the impressions, for it is evident that deaf people also have great trouble speaking. The genetic component is important in that they validate the empiricism doctrine on the reliance of experience. Anyhow, now we can see how the problem seems to defeat the purpose of this thesis. Moreover, a counter example, from a logical standpoint, one counter example is sufficient to turn an argument invalid. So why did Hume not deal with this problem? We may try to take it as Hume claimed the problem to be a singular case where it is not worth investing time on. Being a singular case, one may have to take the argument in closer inspection. Hume states explicitly that the man in question may have enjoyed the sights for thirty years and perfectly well acquainted with all the possible colours except one, and that may be the attempt by him to restrict this to some specific scenario. It is implicitly embedded in the counter example that the subject of this example must be well acquainted with all the colours, such that one can make up colours in ones mind, much like how only musicians of a certain skill level can sight read music. Thus, it appeals to some amount of experience such that one may be bound to experience, habits, or personal background. Yet, when given further consideration, this seems to be invalid as well, as these restrictions do not seem to hold. As far as experience go, a child who does not know what turquoise mean does not necessarily have an idea of the colour turquoise. So this case is certainly not an exceptional case and Hume had not dealt with it satisfactorily. Yet, Humean scholars have tried to find solutions for this problem and some even disregard it as a problem altogether. Firstly, the first objection to this counter argument is that there is no way to test whether the person in question does in fact have an idea of the missing shade of blue before seeing the missing shade or not. There is a great difference between being able to spot a missing spot in a complete spectrum of blue, and being able to produce an idea of the shade of blue without first encountering the impression of it. If ones sees a constant change in shade from, lets say blue-0 where it is darkest to blue-255 where it is the lightest shade, then if there is one shade of blue missing, it would be quite noticeable as the mind notices the jump in gradual and constant change, but it does not follow that one could create an idea of that missing shade. To test this is also impossible, as if one is to reproduce colour, it still does not follow that he produces the idea since he would only be mixing the existing colours to brighter shades, and thus, after finishing mixing the colour, one then has the idea of the colour following the impression. All other ways of testing is equally futile because they all involve exposing the subject to the missing impression one way or another. Alternatively, if we look at the thesis again, and instead of taking it as a genetic form of the argument that Hume meant it to be, and instead, modifies it slightly to a more analytical empiricism form. Humes thesis on the theory of mind, upon closer inspection, can be taken as a form of meaning empiricism, in the sense that ideas to him are the same as different thoughts, which are different kinds of concepts, which is linked to when one understands something in a linguistic sense one is linking the word with the meaning, or the concepts associated to the word. Hence, if we think of the initial genetic content of the thesis, that impressions strictly precedes ideas, we may relax it slightly in favour of the analogy to meaning empiricism and forget its genetic form and instead formulate the following thesis: that all simple ideas must have corresponding conceivable and encounterable impressions. By doing this, we are no longer faced with the problem of the missing shade, since it is perfectly possible that the subject would be able to encounter this particular shade. Lastly, from a personal view, I see the problem of the missing shade of blue as not a problem at all, but Humes mistake lies in classifying colours as simple ideas. It is true that the impressions of light blue might very well be different than dark blue, so to speak, but to use Humes method, it is possible to separate using our imagination the components light and dark from blue. Thus, it is the impression of blueness which is a simple impression, combined with the impression of light and absent of light that combine to give this multitude of shades of colours. Take this example, suppose some neutral shade of blue, lets number it blue 124, were put somewhere with light, you will be able to see blue 124. However, lets say for some reason, the room becomes lighter, certainly, the shade of blue 124 would have changed to some lighter shade of perhaps blue 200. If we vary the light in the room from darkest to lightest, it is then possible to observe from the darkest to the lightest shade of blue likewise. One may argue that the colour can be calibrated to some objective criteria, perhaps the ratio of pigments of colour blue of some sort, yet, that does not matter since all that matters to Hume is indeed only impression. Furthermore, using this example, we can also say that perhaps the subject of the experiment may have in fact encountered the particular shade of blue sometime before without acknowledging it. Conclusively, although Humes treatment of the missing shade of blue is very limited and very complacent, it is perhaps Humes own mistake for considering such example a problem, rather than the problem itself being a threat to his theory of origins of ideas.

Compare the way a news story is presented in three different newspaper extracts Essay Example for Free

Compare the way a news story is presented in three different newspaper extracts Essay In this essay I will compare the way a news story is presented in three different newspaper extracts. Extract A is from The Times on Tuesday 4th September, extract B is also from The Times on Tuesday 4th September extract b is an editorial, extract c is from The Guardian G-2 on Friday 7th September extract c is a front page graphic. All three extracts cover the event that happened on Monday 3rd September between the Catholics and the Protestants. The incidents occurred when Catholics school children from Holy Cross Primary school began there new school year. The children had to walk in between barriers of armoured police, just to get to school. The incident started when republicans was accused of knocking over two men on ladders who were putting loyalists flags on lampposts out side Holy Cross Primary School before the marching season in June. In all three extracts there is a powerful opening statement to catch the readers attention, extract A uses a pun the young girls of the Holy Cross Primary School in Belfast began their new school year yesterday with a horrifying lesson in sectarian hatred. This is trying to say that in schools children are learning about hatred instead of being taught other lessons such as getting along with everyone regardless of whether they are Protestant or Catholic. Extract B also uses a powerful opening statement Northern Ireland has yet again shown its Gorgon-face of bigotry. This states that once again Northern Ireland has shown its monstrous side, whereas extract C states Why it takes the image of a child to wake the world this makes the reader to feel sorry for the children and is an rhetorical question. Extract A has a big, bold headline it states Children walk a gauntlet of Belfast hatred which makes the reader to want to read on. Extract B states Children in the middle this is also trying to get the attention of the reader, whereas extract C doesnt have a headline because it is a front-page graphic. Extract A uses a certain amount of emotive language to make the audience feel certain emotions. Extract A states screamed at not shouted at but screamed at, spat at use of abuse on children, sobbing uncontrollably this states that the children werent crying they were uncontrollably sobbing due to the riots. The emotive language in extract A has a certain effect on the audience, it makes the reader feel sympathetic towards the children. Extract B also uses a certain amount of emotive language using words such as Gorgon-face of bigotry and hideous spectacle. These words are usually associated with beasts, therefore this statement is trying to show that what is happening, should be considered as monstrous and that the victims of this monstrosity are innocent children. Surrounded and overwhelming are adjectives meaning that there is no way out for the victims, showing that the whole situation cannot be resolved. Extract B is an editorial and is the editors point of view not the facts. Extract C doesnt use a lot of emotive language mainly because it is a front-page graphic from a supplement.

Why It Is Important To Study Organizational Behavior Essay

Why It Is Important To Study Organizational Behavior Essay INTRODUCTION According to (Robins Judge, 10th, p.2), Organizational Behavior studies the influence and impact that individuals, groups, and organizational structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness. In the business world today, Organizational Behavior is an essential tool for managing effective teams and it helps to understand and predict human behavior in an organization. It studies on how organizations can be structures more accurately, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. It has become more significant today than in previous years because organizations must master to adapt to the rapidly changing business cultures that have stemmed from a competitive market. In order to know how to handle a new workforce, and cope with the challenges of the new environment, the employers need to deliver their message about behavior and attitude of groups, and individuals in corporation. According to Graham and Krueger (1996), soft skills were never a part of management training and it was precious that employers were advised for possessing those skills. If employer can understands on an employees adaptability, personality, and creativity, motivating that employee the way he need to be motivated is never a gray area and a guaranteed success. Question (A): Why it is important to study Organizational Behavior? The study of organizational behavior is one of the most significant elements in the management sciences, as it makes management learn from what has succeeded elsewhere. Generally, financial strength is a measure of the organizations past success. What determines whether the organization will continue to deliver sought-after products, will continue to develop cutting edge technology, will continue to make the right options about which direction the market is going to go, will continue to make sound investments, is the people and the organizational culture and structure. According to Casey Reader (2010), different organizational structures will show different types of organizations that each has strengths and weaknesses. There are four main elements which are Motivation, Culture, Change, and System. According to Motivation, it draws that individual behave differently when they are in groups. Major of the study of organizational behavior has aimed on how best to motivate group of individuals. Professionals have figure that it often doesnt matter exactly what you do, but merely that employees are aware of your efforts to motivate. Based on Culture, when individual communicate with one another over an extended period of time they intentionally to deliver a selective culture that determines how tasks get completed and common attitudes. Organizational theorists tend to practice this culture and how it influences behavior. Strong cultures align with the overall goals of an organization, such as having an emphasis on innovation. On the other hand, weak cult ures degrade from business goals, and cause conflicts, such as overemphasizing bureaucratic rule-following. Today, Motivation and Culture are important to practice with Organizational Behavior because major organizations are encouraging team approach to solve difficulties. Todays post-industrial hi-tech organization requires knowledge intensive work environment and demands creativity from its own employees. Employers gave awareness to Organizational Behavior or soft skill training. The industrial revolution created the wants for hard skills. Employees who work in production line and were not required thinking or communicating to each other. But now, instead of standing behind the production line, employees need to sit in front of a computer, and control machine equipment who works in the production line. Now, employees are not only required to learn new technical skills but also how to communicate, negotiate, decentralize, and motivate within each other. Based on (Morgan, 1997: 5), we have to accept that any theory or perspective that we bring to the study of organization and management, while capable of creating valuable insights, is also incomplete, biased, and potentially misleading. Organizational behavior shows the important key points as Regulatory, and Radical. Basically, Regulatory helps to draw what goes on in organizations, possibly to present minor changes that might improve them, but not to make any basic judgment about whether what happens is correct or incorrect. Radical tends to make judgments about the way that organizations ought to be and provide recommendations on how this could be accomplished. Traditional organization used to practice Regulatory while new modern organization tends to act Radical. To well organize in budget controlling, new modern organization in today doesnt willing to give a long time for bank credit cards salesperson to hit their sales target. New modern organizations urge to get the results fr om salesperson whereas the salesperson should hit their monthly sales on time and accurately, if the salesperson failed to hit the target continuously in few months, employers reserved the rights to terminate the employee. Conversely, traditional organizations used to act Regulatory whereas Hire and Fire policy will never be the options for a traditional organization to behave. Employers are patient enough and theyre willing to spend times to educate, guide, and monitor an employees performance. Based on (Taylor, 1911: Fayol, 1949), the orthodox view in organization theory has been based predominantly on the metaphors of machine and organism. The metaphor of a machine underwrites the work of the classical management theorists. According to Figure 1, it draws the three concepts for understanding the nature and organization of social science, which is Paradigms, Metaphors, and Puzzle Solving. Metaphor plays an important role in organization behavior. Metaphor is frequently regarded as no more than a literary and descriptive device for embellishment, but more fundamentally is a creative form which generates its effect though a crossing of images. Based on Figure 2, by Burrell and Morgan (1979), functionalist paradigm, which is also named as objective-regulation, is the first paradigm for organizational study. Its also a strong outline for the study of organizations and assume that rational human actions and believes one can be understand through the hypothesis testing. Due to the problem-solving orientation which is leads to rational explanation. It seeks to provide rational explanations of human affairs and its pragmatic and deeply rotten in sociological positivism. Relationships are concrete and can be identified studied and measured via science. Functionalist paradigm is based on upon the assumption that society has a concrete, real existence, and a systemic character oriented to produce an ordered and regulated state of affairs, it encourages an approach to social theory that focuses upon understanding the role of human begins in society. Behavior is always seen as being contextually bound in a real world of concrete and tangible social relationships. The functionalist perspective is primarily regulative and pragmatic in its basic orientation, concerned with understanding community in a way which arise useful empirical knowledge. According to Figure 2, by Burrell and Morgan (1979), interpretative paradigm, which is also called as subjective-regulation, is the paradigm whether organizations exist in any real sense beyond the conceptions of social actors, so understanding must be based on the experience of people who work in them. Basically, individuals seek to explain the stability of behavior from the selective viewpoint. Interpretative also explain the behavior from the individuals viewpoint. It emphasized the spiritual nature of the world. The interpretative social theorist tends to understand the process through which shared multiples realities arise, are sustained and changed. Like the functionalist, the interpretative approach is based on the assumption and belief that there is an underlying pattern and order within the social world. However, the interpretative theorist looks the functionalists attempt to institute an objective social science as an unattainable end. Question (B): How this learning may be useful to you in the future? According to (Krech, Cruthfield and Ballachey, 1962), leadership draws as a personality trait. Leadership has traditionally been seen as a distinctly interpersonal phenomenon demonstrated in the interactions between leaders and subordinates. The differential characteristics and career experiences likely to influence the development of these selected skills also are considered along with the implications of these observations for leadership theory and for the career development of organizational leaders. Due to (Jeroen P.J. de Jong, and Deanne N. Den Hartog, 1990), the leadership abstracts purpose is to provide an inventory of leader behaviors likely to enhance employees innovative behavior, and including idea generation and application behavior. In order to be most effective, leaders in an organization must have a clear vision and understanding of the organizational structure. With the well observation of Organizational Behavior, individuals can built a good and high quality of leade rship throughout this selected observation. Individuals able to own a good personality traits, and known well with the own roles and responsibilities of a leader. Human beings encourage seeking satisfaction in every phase of their life. From satisfying their basic primal needs and wants, which is hunger, thirst, rest and social interaction, the complex community today has its benchmark of goals and fulfillment that should be accomplished by individuals. This selective set of fulfillment and goals encloses securing a good job, preferably with a good pay and hopefully, with a high level of job satisfaction. There is no fixed and formal guideline on how to overcome challenges at work into a motivation for individuals to reach job satisfaction, so that with the good practicing of Organizational Behavior, individuals are able to well handle the task pressure, and overcome the variety of challenges. Due to the research and learning of Organizational Behavior, individuals will be able to present and well-practiced a positive working attitude towards his own task and job responsibilities. This selected learning of Organizational Behavior helps individ ual to create self-awareness all the times. Individuals will be able to draw and execute his own action plan, and well known the current position of him, and be aware of where is the next position he is going to reach. CONCLUSION Organizational Behavior is the application of knowledge about how peoples, individuals, and groups act and react in an organization, in order to reach and accomplish the highest quality of performances, and dominant results. One way for an organization to become more innovative is to capitalize on its own employees to innovate. All organizations and groups experience the direct relationship between job satisfaction, and performance. In order to maximize the performance of those within a system, it is significant important to develop an optimal interpersonal chemistry. There is more evidence that the teaching and implementation of soft skills should get higher emphasis in education and organization training process, but it should only complement hard skills, not substitute for it.

Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion Essays

Salvation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Langston Hughes’ essay â€Å"Salvation,† Langston talks about the first time he is going to be saved from sin. Langston is a young boy around the age of thirteen. He is going to church to see Jesus for the first time. In which case, he truly experiences religion for the first time in his life. Throughout this essay Langston uses many narrative techniques such as, imagery, metaphors, and irony to explain his interpretation of that one night when he did not see Jesus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the night of the big revival, and Langston, a young boy going on the age of thirteen, was brought to his Aunt Reed’s church to see Jesus and be saved from sin. His aunt told him, â€Å"when you were saved from sin you saw a light, and something happened to you inside† (219). He believed her. When he was brought to church, his aunt directed him to the front row, where he sat calmly and patiently in the heat, waiting for the preacher to begin the service. The Preacher welcomed the â€Å"young lambs† (219) and started his sermon. Towards the end of his speech he invited the young children to the altar to be saved. At this point, Langston was confused because he was not seeing Jesus before him. All the young boys and girls sprang to their feet except Langston and another boy named Westley. They were the only two left on, what the parishioners of the church called, the â€Å"mourners’ bench† (218). Finally, Westley became very restless and decided that he was not going to sit on this bench anymore. Langston was left there all alone until his aunt ran over to him and asked him why he was not going to Jesus. She knelt there and prayed for him. Langston sat there waiting for something to happen, but nothing! He truly wanted to see Jesus but he did not. Finally, he thought to himself and saw that nothing had happened to Westley for lying about not seeing Jesus. Langston then decides that he, too, will go to the altar and lie, hoping that nothing will happen to him for lying to God. Suddenly, loud cries of rejoice were heard throughout the church and everyone was pleased to see that â€Å"all the new young lambs were blessed in the name of God† (220). That night Langston cried because he did not understand why he did not see Jesus. His aunt had heard him and explained to his uncle, â€Å"the Holy Ghost had come into my life† (220). From that point on he did not believe there was a Jesus, since he d... ...fighting his feelings about not seeing Jesus. He feels that he is lying to God and himself by getting up and being saved even though he cannot see Jesus. Even though the reader knows that he truly is being saved from sin. He is doing something good for himself. Therefore, we can see that he truly does not understand the meaning of God. He is a child on the verge of adulthood. He has every right to be confused and misinterpret religion because he is learning. Religion is metaphorical and imaginative; it is what you believe it to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Langston Hughes found himself in a world of misunderstanding. His confusion leads him to believe that there is no Jesus. This is part of the growing process. Learning from your own experience is the most important part of life. Conflict and struggle are also important aspects of life. They define each and every part of a human’s living day. Therefore, the narrative techniques used throughout this essay truly help the reader visualize what the author sees, feels, and hears. Work Citied Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Salvation.† Subjects and Strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ed. Paul Eschholz and Alfred Rosa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 218-22.

Epic of Beowulf Essays -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf’s Three Fights In the epic poem Beowulf, the character Beowulf is seen to have three battles. The first battle is against Grendel, the second is against Grendel’s mum, and the final battle is against the dragon. In each of these battles Beowulf is portrayed as a great hero (well he should be since it’s a characteristic of an epic poem to glorify the hero) and is always seen to be brave and fearless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first battle he fights is versus Grendel. It takes place in Hrothgar’s Hall of the Hart where Grendel has been plaguing them for twelve years. Beowulf comes because he is told by people from Geatland to help the Scyldings. To get ready for the battle the hero takes off all his armor and sets aside all of his weapons. He plans to beat the demon grim in a fair fight. The coil of sin doesn’t use any weapons besides those that are of his body and wears no armor but the enchantment, which repels attacks from weapons. So the hero is all ready for Grendel and everyone goes to sleep, though Beowulf does not. Grendel bursts into the hall and savagely kills a thane while Beowulf watches and sees how the monster works. The evil spirit then comes to kill the great thane but Beowulf grabs the fiendish demon’s wrist with the strength of thirty men. Grendel tries to flee but Beowulf holds on and continues to apply pressure to Grendel’s arm. Beowul f then tears the stealthy demon’s arm off and Grendel runs away. He flees to his cave where he is later fou...

Israel P.L.O. Peace Treaty Essay -- Middle East Politics Political Ess

Israel P.L.O. Peace Treaty The Middle East has always been known as the Holy Land, the land of the Bible. For centuries, prophets have walked there, nations have collided and conquerors have come and gone. While Jews claim a three thousand-year-old attachment to this ancient land, Arabs also stake their devotion. In 1993, these two peoples, involved in a tragic conflict that has lasted more than half a century, saw the possibility of a new beginning. It was called the Oslo Accord, and it transformed the political realities of the Middle East (Peres, p.2) However, there have been many turbulent events that have followed the signing of the Accord, events that have undermined the agreement and are threatening to drive Israelis and Arabs apart once again. Since the founding of Israel in 1948, there has been continuous conflict between Israel and the Arab states. This conflict has been marked by six bloody wars. In 1867, during the six-day war of Syria, Jordan and Egypt, Israel captured the West Bank, Sinai and the Gaza strip. Subsequently, a population of over a million Palestinian Arabs, together with their land was now under Israeli control. (Spencer, p.70) It was during this time that a Palestinian leader emerged, Yasser Arafat. Labeled a terrorist by Israel and the United States, he and his Palestine Liberation Organization called for the eviction of Israel from the occupied territories by force of arms. In 1979, Israel returned Sinai to Egypt by a peace treaty. Although Egypt’s Prime Minister Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1982 by anti-peace forces, the peace still remained between the two countries. This paved the way for negotiations with Jordan, Syria, and the Palestines. (Hunter, p.17-20) However, Israel’s continued occupation of the Palestinian territories led to the uprising of Arab youth in the West Bank and Gaza, known as the Intifada. For the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, the Intifada provided them with a new and assertive Palestinian identity. Israelis were also growing tired of their roles as occupiers, as soldiers trained to defend their country in war were finding themselves aiming their weapons at rock throwing teenagers. Many Israelis were disillusioned and desperately eager for a solution. When the United States and Russia initiated talks in Madrid and Washington at the end of the Cold War, it seemed that peace was at... ...alestinians a path of opportunities has been shown. It is a difficult path, but unless it is pursued, generations might pass before anyone will attempt such a peace process again. Works Cited: â€Å"Chronology of Bombing Attacks Following September 1993 Accord†. www.Nando.com, 1996. â€Å"Chronology of PLO-Israeli Peace Moves†. www.Newsobserver.com, 1995. Corelli, Rae. â€Å"Days of Reckoning† in Maclean’s Magazine p.34-35. Toronto, Canada: Maclean Hunter Limited. September 5, 1996 Finkelstein, Norman G. The Rise and Fall of Palestine- A Personal Account of the Intifada Years. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Hunter, Robert F. The Palestinian Uprising. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. â€Å"Israel Mourns Bombing Victims†. www.nando.com, 1996. Peres, Shimon. The New Middle East. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995. Silver, Eric. â€Å"A Martyr to Peace† in Maclean’s Magazine p.26-28. Toronto, Canada: Maclean Hunter Limited. November 13, 1995 Spencer, Dr. William. The Middle East. Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1994 â€Å"U.S. Envoy Organizes Top Israeli, PLO Meeting†. www.lycosnews.com, October, 1997

Addiction and Addictions Essay

Introduction There are many factors that are damaging today’s society. Addictions are a fast growing concern, it has branched off and caused many problems whether it be related to drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex, Internet, or eating. Addictions are something society faces everyday. Although there are many reasons behind why addiction are growing, and where they stemmed from, today’s society has focused primarily on how someone with an addictions problem can seek help. Also the many Gaps and Barriers around addictions are enabling people who wish to seek help from receiving it. The increasing amounts of people with drug or alcohol addictions has increased vastly over the years especially among young teens who are still yet to be of age to buy alcohol. With addictions being a commonly known problem in society, there should be more awareness put out to people on how to help those with an addiction or more services that are equally accessible for those who wish to seek help on their addic tions. Types of Addictions Drugs and Alcohol Even though drugs and alcohol is widely known as bad in society, people continue to abuse it. Once on has chosen to abuse drugs or alcohol continuously they lose the ability to say â€Å"no† to another drink or † no† to another puff of weed. Soon the person will continuously think about drinking or using drugs, and cannot wait to abuse either substance again. Generally there are two components that stem from drug addiction: physical and psychological dependencies. Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become immune to its effects. Where as psychological dependency occurs where a drug as been used immensely and the mind has become dependant and the mind begins to become emotionally reliant on the effects. Either to feel pleasure or to relieve pain, then the mind does not feel capable of functioning without the drug. Internet Addictions Internet addictions not only include an over excessive amount of chat room participation, but it does not help their social or financial well being. Dysfunctional use of the Internet by children as well as adults can result in diminished participation in the family. Over thirty percent of Canada’s population has reported that they use the Internet to escape from everyday life or problems. Either by finding someone else on chat rooms with the same problems or just playing games or â€Å"surfing† the web. Gambling Addictions Gambling has many traumatic effects in a person’s life if it is abused the wrong way. It can cause people to loose their family; can put a person into bankruptcy, fraud, domestic abuse, theft or even homelessness. Pathological gamblers tend to be under the age of thirty. Six percent of gamblers in Canada commit suicide. The government profit from gambling in Canada is thirteen billion nationally. In Canada 340,000 people have a modern or severe case of a gambling addiction. Eating Addictions Food addictions affect mostly a person’s health. Food addictions lead mostly to eating disorders, such as: obesity, diabetes, bulimia and food allergies. An eating addiction is signaled the same way in our brains as an alcohol addiction. Recent studies on rats have proven that eating triggers a pleasure receptor in our brain. Ten percent of people with anorexia or bulimia are male. Eight percent of children in Canada are obese, and twenty three percent are adults. Gaps in Services The majority of agencies have no costs, no referrals, are wheelchair accessible and have age limited restrictions. The new internet addiction has left a gap in services, simply because it went so long before it was † discovered†, agencies are just now figuring out ways to support this  addiction. This makes it hard for someone with an Internet addiction to seek help due to the lack of support out there for the general public to use. Barriers in Services The majority of services are available from ages thirteen plus. Which limits â€Å"teens† under the age of thirteen with addiction problems help. With today’s society having an increasing amount of children drinking, this set’s a bit of a barrier. Since there are no programs offered for children of a young age who have already begun drinking to seek help it allows the problem to grow instead of getting to it when it is still fresh and not yet a full-blown addiction. Although many services do not offer help to those who are disabled. Addiction services are generally offered only in English, which poses a problem for those who have immigrated to Canada or simply have grown up speaking a different language. The hours for addiction centers is limited, unless it is a housing service, most programs run on the nine to five clock, enabling those who seek help after hours from getting the service that is required by them. Local Services Personal Development Programs: Men’s Withdrawal Management Center This shelter is for men going through withdrawals from drugs or alcohol. They offer a short-term residence. Also give information and education sessions for men in a safe environment. Also provide one on one counseling for individuals in purpose of defining specific needs and how to treat them. They take in men who are inebriated, who are going through withdrawals or that are at high risk of falling into old patterns. Service for this center in 7 days a week 24 hours a day, there is no fee; admission is immediate accordingly to bed availability. Advocacy and Referral Programs Mental Health and Addictions Services in Grey Bruce This program also known as DART (drug and alcohol registry of treatment) is helpful for people with addictions or mental health problems locate treatment options. It also links local communities with assessment and referral programs for themselves or people that they know. Socialization Programs CAMH Center For Addictions and Mental Health The largest organization for addictions and mental health in Canada. Its provides research, broad-based education offerings, clinical services and health promotion activities. They provide information on the best services around, their facilities allow you to locate research resource materials, and contribute to addictions and mental health system planning. They are open Monday to Friday 8:30- 4:30, they are only partially accessible, and only provide services in English. Rehab and Therapy Centers FGI World This facilities helps youth with drug or alcohol based addictions. They work with clients one on one with any problems they are having. This is a private organization, and the program is only offered through referral. The program allows you to come and go as pleased, unless you are an involuntary client. The councilors help take you through the steps that got you to where you are and also the choices that you made to get you there. Located on downtown Hamilton. The hours are 8:00am to 6:00 pm. Appointments are to be made no walk inn’s are allowed. Conclusion Throughout this report, there have been examples of all types of addictions. Showing how increasingly they are on the rise, and that day-to-day a new  addiction is born. Without services being available to the new born addictions they continuously grow and there is no way to receive help for them. The amount of young teens becoming addicted to things such as drugs or alcohol has grown increasingly and services are yet to be prepared for that situation. Many of the gaps and barriers within these programs or services are what prevent people from seeking the help they need and deserve. It has been proven that not only are addictions physical they are majority psychological and require a great deal of acknowledgement from family, friends, support groups, and government funded programs, so that people can acquire the amount of treatment necessary. With language and hours of availability being a barrier many people with problems are not getting the help they deserve, Canada needs to broaden its’ options when it comes to addiction programs, allowing twenty-four hour services for people with serious or mild conditions. If the programs continue to enable people from receiving help the amount of people with addictions will continue to increase. Being aware of the problem is the first step to solving one.

Re-reading of ‘A Birthday Present’

Re-read ‘A Birthday Present'. By means of close analysis of the language of this poem, demonstrate how Plath achieves her effects in this poem, and by means of BRIEF reference to one or two other poems, say how typical of her writing you find it. Plath's poem ‘A Birthday Present' creates binary oppositions of images by using antithesis. An example of antithesis in this poem is when the narrator asks, â€Å"is it ugly, is it beautiful?† The adjectives ‘ugly' and ‘beautiful' are opposing images. The structure of this phrase is mirrored in the line below when the narrator asks, â€Å"has it breasts, has it edges?† These two images are opposite as when we imagine ‘breasts' they are round and smooth and not sharp like an ‘edge'. By using this linguistic device Plath creates a ‘seesaw' effect between positive (‘beautiful') and negative (‘ugly') lexis. Plath uses this device of conflicting lexis throughout the poem creating a tension. Furthermore, it can also be said that Plath uses these binary oppositions on a more subtle level to create the theme of good vs. evil. This theme can be seen in some of Plath's other poems. Take ‘Face Lift' or ‘Morning Song' for example, the theme of good and evil is represented by the images of babies she juxtaposes with those of death. The same binary opposition of images is used in ‘A Birthday Present' when the narrator says, â€Å"White as babies' bedding and glittering with dead breath.† Again the two juxtaposed images are of death and babies. It can therefore be said that this theme is typical of Plath's writing and is probably influenced by the miscarriage she suffered prior to writing these poems. Another device that Plath employs for a specific effect in this poem is her use of the personal pronoun ‘you'. The narrator questions, â€Å"Is it impossible for you to let something go and have it go whole?† and, â€Å"Must you kill what you can?† Many other writers use this device to achieve the desired effect of involving the audience as it addresses them directly. However Plath also has another motive. On first glance one may assume that the narrator is questioning the present as it is the apparent focus of the narrator throughout the poem. However, considering the number of references to God throughout the poem, (â€Å"My God what a laugh!†, But my god, the clouds are like cotton.†) one could assess that the question is actually aimed at God. Moreover, the theme in ‘A Birthday Present' of questioning God can be linked to some of Plaths other poetry. Plath's father died when she was a young child. From studying her life I found out that she loved and idolised her father. In her poems ‘Daddy' and ‘Full Fathom Five' Plath makes subtle suggests that she now sees her father as a God-like figure. In ‘Full Fathom Five' she writes, â€Å"You defy other Godhood. I walk dry on your kingdom's border†, when talking to her father. This could therefore be evidence that although she may seem to be addressing the birthday present with questions in this poem she is really questioning to her Dad. The theme of Dad arises in many of Plath's poems and so this poem is typical of her writing. Like many of Plath's other poems she uses personification in ‘A Birthday Present' to make an inert object appear to have a life of its own. The narrator is describing the present when she says, â€Å"I feel it looking. I feel it thinking†. The two verbs are actions that only a living person could do. Plath, however uses them to make the present in the poem come alive. The literary device of personification is typical to some of Plath's other poems. One example is in her poem ‘Cut' where she personifies her thumb by referring to it as ‘Little pilgrim', ‘Saboteur' and ‘Kamikaze man', before reminding us at the end of the poem that it is just a ‘Thumb stump'. This is therefore a device that Plath uses typically in her writing. In conclusion, many of the themes and ideas found in ‘A Birthday Poem' can also be found and mirrored in Plath's other poetry. She also uses a range of literary and linguistic devices in this poem that is typical of her writing.

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility Essay

Abstract PharmaCARE is on of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies. This paper will take a look at Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the work place and the world and how PharmaCare provided insight to their stakeholders CompCare and who takes on the overall ethical and social responsibilities of the organization. The importances of the decisions made by management are discussed as well as the ability to make changes to support a more ethical work environment. The ability to improve operations and turn a profit are explained by discussing management’s requirements to abide by regulations governed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Equal Employment Opportunity , Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act and other regulatory policies Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Introduction Introduction This paper will examine PharmaCare’s ethical and social responsibility around its operations, products, and obligation to stakeholders. PharmaCare, a renowned fortune 500 pharmaceutical company listed on the NASDAQ is one of the companies that have all these initiatives in place. It is considered one of the most ethical and social responsible companies in the world due to many initiatives it takes to commit to its responsibility to protect the environment and enhance the quality of life for millions around the world. In recent years, many companies have managed to become a benefit corporation (B-corporation). This legal form of corporation is to provide legal protection to management that want to both maximize shareholder income and pursue a social or environmental agenda (Andre, 2012). This paradigm shift is due to consumer’s awareness, global warming and globalization in the business world. All global companies have developed ethical, environmental and sustainability policies for their employees, suppliers, contractors and other stakeholders to follow. Key characteristics of Stakeholders within the PharmaCARE scenario PharmaCare has a legal obligation to all of these stakeholders. The Company needs the employees to carry out its day-to-day operation in so doing; they may offer many incentives to keep the best employees. The suppliers are one of the main factors to this chain because they have to provide the machinery or raw material because employees can produce a product. The shareholders, investors and creditors are the parties providing funding for PharmaCare to operate. Human rights issues of the Colberia’s population versus that of its Executives Several firms have faced legal suits due to the manner in which they have treated the public, workers, consumers, and the environment during their business activities. For instance, the competition bureau of Canada found Azko Nobel Chemicals BV guilty and they were charged in the federal court of Canada on August 18, 2003. The company had taken part in a conspiracy to fix market prices for a crucial food additive that was an essential ingredient for an important animal feed and a chemical use that was in several commercial and consumer products. The company was fined $2.9 million by the court (American Bar Association, 2002). Many consumers as well as social interest groups believe that firms should not only aim at maximizing their profits but they also put into focus the social implications of their business activities. Social responsibility has been defined as acting with concern and sensitivity and the awareness of the  impact of your actions on others, particularly the disadvantaged (Entrepreneur, 2014). Some of the very basic ethical and social responsibility issues have been put within the contact of laws and regulations that will encourage business organizations to be in conformity to societal standards, values, and attitudes. The minimum expectation for business managers is that they should abide to and uphold these rules and regulations (Griseri & Seppala, 2010). The majority of the legal and ethical issues that arise are as a result of choices that are deemed unethical, irresponsible, or otherwise acceptable by the society. It is however worth noting that not all actions that the society deems unethical may not necessarily be illegal since both legal and ethical issues are dynamic (Hines, 2000). In this case, the manner in which PharmaCARE has treated Colberia’s indigenous population falls within the definition of unethical practices as well as unacceptable corporate behavior. To start with the company has unfair compensation policies that pay huge salaries to executives and exploit the rank-to-file workers. These workers receive poor salaries and are exposed to harsh and unsafe working conditions. In addition, the company subjects the workers to unsafe working conditions. Recommend at least three (3) changes PharmaCARE can make to be more ethical going forward. Make stronger the connection among the rank-and-file personnel and management. This will allow the corporation to come up with good tactical plan which will boost the company in realizing its missions and goals. Contribute in various corporate social activities. This is though hiring Colberians and compensating them well. They should also work hard to improve Colberians’ standards of living. Follow the laid US laws to the letter, for instance, environmental laws as well as intellectual property la Assessing PharmaCARE’s environmental initiative against the backdrop of its anti-environmental lobbying efforts and Colberian activities. PharmaCARE exposes its workers to unhealthy working conditions. Many of the employees have been falling sick as a result of inhaling toxic substances arising from the company’s laboratories. Even with full knowledge of the situation, the management has refused to take any remedial action and the workers continue to suffer. Further, the company has been accused of supplying an unsafe drug  to the market that has been associated with many cardiac deaths. As a result of these happenings, the company’s purported environmental stewardship initiative will be rendered ineffective especially in the wake of the lobbying efforts against the company†™s operations in Colberia. The company has engaged in acts that may be considered unethical and socially unacceptable. PharmaCARE therefore lacks the moral authority to spearhead environmental matters since its reputation in the public has been seriously damaged. In addition, the company’s alleged mistreatment of its workers subjects it to sabotage of its environmental efforts especially when the workers’ health continue to deteriorate because of the company’s negligence. Would PharmaCARE’s actions be ethical with respect to the indigenous people of Colberia in accordance with the following ethical theories. Utilitarianism- PharmaCare’s uses Colberian intellectual property because it does maximize resources, but does not promote happiness. People in Colberian work so hard but still live in harsh conditions. They have no pleasure and endure pain, which is a clear depiction of unhappiness. In addition, the workers who are members of the Colberian population suffer due to poor working conditions. PharmaCare’s actions were unethical. Deontology – the compa ny has an â€Å"obligation† to be morally responsible as well as provide healthy working conditions to the employees. The company had been informed of the dangers surrounding the drug production but failed to act accordingly to assist in reducing the risk. PharmaCare’s actions were unethical. Virtue ethics- Virtue ethics is person, rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions (BBC, 2009). Though PharmaCare was justified by intellectual property right to go ahead and carry out its duties, the activities were wrong and unethical since the character of company officials was negative. PharmaCare’s actions were unethical. Ethics of care- by analyzing the company’s actions based on ethics of care, the company’s activities emerge as unethical. As an ethic grounded in voice and relationships, in the importance of everyone having a voice, being listened to carefully and heard with respect. An ethics of care directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others (Gilligan, 2011). Since the Colberian people’s response was negative by their complaining,  the entire company’s project was unethical. Your own moral / ethical compass- from a personal point of view, PhamaCare activities were unethical because it had the responsibility of carrying out thorough research before administering any drugs, providing decent working conditions to its employees and educating patients about the negative effects of the drug. Therefore, the fact that the company neglected its duties and received negative responses to activities carried out shows that it was unethical. PharmaCARE’s actions with those of at least one (1) real-world company, whose corporate  activities led to ethical, environmental, or workplace safety issues and financial loss. There are many examples of corporations that have been call out by the public on questions of ethics, environmental responsibility, workplace safety an d financial loss. There are six areas in particular where ethical issues arise in the organizations: compensation; conflicts of interest; publications and solicitation; financial integrity; investment policies; and accountability and strategic management (Rhode & Packet, 2009). Some examples of outrageous unethical behavior by corporation the compare to PharmaCare’s actions: References Andre, R. (2012). Assessing the accountability of the benefit corporation: Will this new gray sector organization enhance corporate social responsibility?. Journal of Business Ethics , 110(1), 13-150. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-012- 1254-1 Arenson, K. (1995, June 23). ex-united way leader gets 7 years for embezzlement. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/23/us/ex-united-way-leader- gets-7-years-for-embezzlement.html BBC. (2009). Ethics guide. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/virtue.shtml Entrepreneur, A. (2014, August). Social responsibility. Entrpreneur, 8(19), Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/social-responsibility Fitzgerald, J. (2009, January 28). Treasury gets tough: Eyes financial bailout abuse. Boston Herald. Retrieved from http://bostonherald.com/ Gilligan, C. (2011, June 11). ethics of care. Retrieved from http://ethicsofcare.org/interviews/carol-gilligan//virtue.shtml Griseri, P., & Seppala, N. (2010). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hines, C. (2001, ). Localisation: a global manifesto. Retrieved from http://www.trabal.org/courses/pdf/localization.pdf Panjabikesan, R. (2010). Stakeholders – characteristics and types. Retrieved from http://toostep.com/insight/stakeholders—characteristics-and-types Rhode, D. & Packet, A. (2009, June). Ethics and nonprofits. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 11, Retrieved from http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/ethics_and_nonprofits Sims, R., & Brinkmann, J. (2003). Enron ethics (or culture matters more than codes). Journal of Business Ethics, 45(3), 243,252. Retrieved from http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/ethics_and_nonprofits

Banning of Books in the U.S. Essay

â€Å" And shall we just carelessly allow children to hear any casual tales which may be devised by casual persons, and to receive into their minds ideas for the most part the very opposite of those which we should wish them to have when they are grown up? We cannot. â€Å" ? Socrates – Banning of books is the most common form of censorship. There were 546 known attempts to remove books in 2006, and more than 9, 200 attempts since the American Library Association’s (ALA) Office for Intellectual Freedom began to electronically compile and publish information on book challenges in 1990. According to ALA , there are four motivating factors: family values, religion, political views, and minority rights. While there are many arguments against censorship, I feel that banning of books can be justifiable in some ways. For example, books with sexually explicit graphic contents should not be viewed by children of certain age. Book banning happens commonly at home and in schools. While anti-book banning advocates fight for the rights of the children to read, it is also the rights of the parents and teachers to guide children. While I do not favor banning books either, I feel that our system should be careful as to what books are exposed and at what age. The minds of children are very impressionable and susceptible to corruption. (Becket, 2006) Restrictions are not necessarily curtailment of rights . For example, cosmetics cannot be used by children. Reasons: first, it may be detrimental to the skin of children, second, cosmetics are not made for children. As cosmetics is to the skin, books is to the mind. Some books are not made for children and some books may be detrimental to the minds of children. These restrictions take into account that children are not yet mature and is still inexperienced to take complexity of some issues. It is the responsibility of the parents to guide children and this extends to guide their children in selecting a good reading material. Teachers, as second parents to children, also share the same responsibility. Parents should also be aware enough of what books to filter and not. If the parents feel that they are capable of making their children understand challenged books, then by all means, they can have those books on their shelves. While it is true that censorship hinders the flow of information and ideas, sometimes ideas should be filtered for innocent minds. Time will come when those minds will be matured enough to absorb what is really on the books their reading. Time will come when those minds will be having their own preferences of books to read. Time will come when those mind will be ready to be challenged †¦. just like those books. References: 1. â€Å" Treasure your Freedom to Read, Get Hooked on a Banned Book†. ala. org. 19 September 2007. < http://ala. org/ala/pressreleases2007/september2007/bbw07. cfm> 2. Kennedy, Elizabeth. â€Å"Banned Books: The Who and the Why†. about. com. 3. Beckett, S. â€Å"Book Ban List Shouldn’t Scare†. dailytexanonline. com 2 October 2006

Case reflective anaysis for desicion making Essay

Case reflective anaysis for desicion making - Essay Example Then I decided to sell the oversized room to the guest with a negotiable prize to reduce the lost and maximize the profits for the organization. After the guest check-in, the hotel manager told me that one of the up side stakeholder will came to the hotel that night and so I needed to organize the exclusive president room for him. But there was no more available room I could offer for him. I could only refuse the order and provide another room for the guest. After this, the hotel manager not satisfied with my decision, but there was no negative impact for my good job performance. Due to a continuous long term full room occupancy task, I got a promotion to be a higher-level manager in the Hotel. Analysis of Case Bounded rationality impact for my decision making I decide to promote the presidential room as a lower price to the walks in customer because of the bounded rationality. Bounded rationality is individual’s personal cognitive abilities to take decision towards rational o utcomes and optimal decision making style (Kalantari, 2010). Individual’s personal decision making is hindered by various external and internal factors as decision making is a complex process of understanding cognitive abilities and personal abilities. Sometime manager hold bounded rationality theory in to action for taking decision as neo-classical theory cannot justify and hold in real world decision making where the limitations are in excess (Saphiro, 1997). Foe example, selling the rooms with a lower price is a method to outcome the economic depression. As the manager, I should carry on decision while understanding objectives supports the decision making process for organization. Moreover the individual cognitive ability tends to impact the decision making process as cognition ability of every individual vary person to person. (Robbins and Judge, 2011). Therefore, I must kept in mind and help staff to make a better decision when they working. So based on the bounded ratio nality, I cannot sell the rooms with the normal price which will lead low profit for the hotel. Therefore individual’s decision making is affected and influenced by various elements of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that needed to understood in order to completely understand the decision process. Various methods can be utilized for making decision making as it can referred that individual sometime behavior of the decision maker directly associate the decision outcome (Nicholson and Snyder, 2007) Risk and uncertainty in decision making In hotel room management, which involves the sale of rooms to guests, several acts of risk and uncertainty comes up. These risks and uncertainties increase as the rate of options in decision making increase (Hissam and Daniel, 2009). The reason this is so is that hotel rooms come with different values and costs. In most cases however, customers do not come to request for rooms according to the value and cost of rooms. In such a case, the hotel sales manager is said to be faced with risk and uncertainty. The risk is in the fact that if the manager sales out the room at a reduced cost, there may be another customer coming in with the right bid for the hotel room. The uncertainty also has to do with the fact