The Hudsons Bay Company and the Northwest Fur Trade

Slave Resistance essays

Slave Resistance essays It could be considered almost ludicrous that most African-Americans were content with their station in life. Although that was how they were portrayed to the white people, it was a complete myth. Most slaves were dissatisfied with their stations in life, and longed to have the right of freedom. Their owners were acutely conscious of this fact and went to great lengths to prevent slave uprisings from occurring. An example of a drastic measure would be the prohibition of slaves receiving letters. They were also not allowed to converge outside church after services, in hopes of stopping conspiracy. Yet the slaves still managed to fight back. In 1800, the first major slave rebellion was conceived. Gabriel Prosser was a 24 year old slave who was deeply religious. He felt that slavery was morally wrong and chose to fight against it. During the spring and summer of 1800, he began carefully creating a plan, in which he would invade Richmond, Virginia. From there he would take over the armory and the powder house, in order to have complete control over the city. He soon recruited more than a thousand slaves and had weapons on hand. On August 30, 1800, Gabriels army collected outside Richmond. Unfortunately, they were unable to attack the city, as a violent rainstorm ensued, and ended up washing out all the bridges and roads. His plans were revealed to Governor James Monroe by traitors. Before the slave forces could regroup after the storm, the state militia was sent out by the governor in an effort to stamp out the rebellion. They succeeded, and Gabriel Prosser was captured along with 34 followers. He was execute d shortly afterwards. Denmark Vesey was an "upper class" slave, who had some degree of independence and free thought. He was able to purchase his freedom in 1800 by winning a lottery of $600. From there he resided in Charleston, South Carolina as a carpenter. He was highly influenced by Christianity a...

Truth is objective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Truth is objective - Essay Example Let us see what is the established meaning of "Truth" and "Objective" -the objective truth of these two terms, essentially soul mates. Britannica says about truth "In philosophy, the property of statements, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what is the case. It is a judgment, proposition, or idea that is true or accepted as true. It is the body of true statements and propositions" Webster's dictionary defines the term objective like this: of, relating to, or being an object, phenomenon, or condition in the realm of sensible experience independent of individual thought and perceptible by all observers: having reality independent of the mind; expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations. The opposite of objective is subjective. Objective history does not change. It cannot change. Subjective history is unique to the individual and cannot always be correct. Truth and objectivity go together like a being and its shadow, it will be there when there is the light of enlightenment and it will disappear when there is darkness of ignorance. Truth and subjectivity together will destroy each other, they are intensely opposite to each other. . In the Allegory of the Ca

Aircraft Performance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aircraft Performance - Case Study Example With this said, there are both challenges and opportunities that the industry have faced since the time, some of which are discussed in the case study. The problem is that high demand for innovation and diversity in the industry calls for enhanced designs, performance, materials, development, and production of new high-performance jet aircrafts which must be made available while taking advantage of industry opportunities whiles overcoming industry challenges. For there to be growth in the industry, there must be a clear balance between customer demand and specification, and manufacturing of jet aircrafts. It is only when there is this form of balance that consumers and customers can have a feel of value addition in the jet aircraft industry (Travis, Carleton & Lauritsen, 2002). By exploring the opportunities and challenges that are within the industry therefore, a chance is being created for manufacturers to take advantage of what awaits them in the industry while being enlightened on what to avoid through the challenges. Industry opportunity. Advancement in technology, which has aided in the areas of research and development, designing and creation, production, and evaluation of finished products (Frode & Christos, 2005). Advantages with opportunity . Heightened research in jet engine production due to advancement in technology was the direct result of the three design principles which have been used in the industry since 1965. The three principles are dual-spool layout, variable stators, and the turbofan (Curtis, Rhoades & Waguespack, 2013). Together, these principles have been the basis of achieving high performance. Future utilization of opportunity. The future utilization of the opportunity of technological advancement is expected to focus mainly on durability and portability. That is, jet aircrafts that are produced in the future are expected to last longer and function within a more spacious limit so that a lot more

Voip Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voip - Research Proposal Example It is used for call initiation, call teardown and other call related data sent during a VoIP conversation. SIP is a text based application level protocol. It depends majorly on other protocols such as IP and UDP for transport. VoIP implementations with SIP mostly use a SIP proxy server to which the login credentials of users are authenticated. The proxy server also routes call and signaling data. Clients can establish a communication link between each and forward SIP messages via the proxy. Communications using SIP are also used for changing call parameters or other features such as integrating more callers into a conference session. SIP registrars are used as additional servers to locate other users. VoIP technology is likely to be misused by criminals as it often does not require verification of any details to start using the service. The security of making such calls may also attract criminals, as many implementations use strong encryption to secure both the voice payload and control messages. Skype uses 256 bit AES encryption while Google Talk does not encrypt its payload (but will support encryption in the future). As an example, an organized crime ring may decide to use Skype software that allows ring members to communicate anonymously. Criminals could use laptops running Skype, create profiles like a regular user and communicate when necessary.

Empowering women through education

Empowering women through education Ghuman (2002) overviewed that women with higher freedom are those who retain their earnings compared to those who are unemployed and have no importance in the contribution to decision-making in households. He also added that working women occupy a better position and have a higher degree of authority as they earn money. As said by Noeleen Heyzer, executive Director of the United Nations Development fund for Women(UNIFEM) efforts must be put together to empower women and take decision to eliminate gender inequality. Carmen Moreno,Director of United Nations International Research and Training Institute of Women (INSTRAW) added that women must be encouraged to raise their voices in politics, participate in decision making and have access to education which will contribute positively in their development and for them to make better decisions on the different issues. 2.5 Empowering women through education As stated in the report of the of the expert group meeting by the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), education smooth the progress of womens empowerment and for eradicating poverty among women as it enlarges womens abilities. During the period 1980-1994 the gap between girls enrolments and boys enrolment at primary level decreased in developing countries. But there are some important differences that stand out. In the case of sub-Saharan Africa the declining of the gender gap in some countries is accredited to a fall in the enrolment of boys and only a minor rise in the participation of girls. According to UNESCO data, girls net enrolment in secondary school decreased between 1985 and 1997 in 10 out of 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa; 7 out of 11 countries in Central and Western Asia; 2 out of 21 countries in Asia and the Pacific; 6 out of 26 in Latin America and the Caribbean; 6 out of 9 in Eastern Europe; and 1 out of 23 countries in Western Europe and other developed countries.. According to Goutam Roy (2009), women education contributes in helping to reduce poverty. He added that empowerment and total emancipation are two major aspects that can help to alleviate poverty. Greater emphasis is being put on women education nowadays, as there are wider job opportunities and proper attention to the women in development programmes. He also mentioned that Scholarships are given by government in HSC level, technical of vocational education to motivate women students to become educated. Women teachers are being trained to improve the quality of education given and improved teaching methodology. Goutam Roy research proved that Empowerment and development are inter- related. The slow speed of women education is boosting women empowerment resulting in women development. According to the last decade, many countries have decided to reach our women, understand their needs and include them in the development process. Survey which was carried out in 2000 shows women literacy is 66% higher than men in developing countries. He analyses that the empowerment of women has become a social and political phenomenon. The development process is strengthening when both men and women participate and education is deeply related to women empowerment. Investing in education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty as Investment in girls in secondary education gives positive outcomes. Stine Ankerbo Karina Hoyda (2003) outlines that education is vital to womens empowerment in so far as it enables women to be more productive. According to the World Bank, a mothers education has beneficial impact on the size of the family, her children well-being and how effective she uses commodity services. Education is a mean to promote development in social, political and economic spheres. Studies and research prove that there exist a high correlation between an increase in women schooling and decline in infant mortality and fertility rates. Before the mid 1970s little attention were paid to the economic benefit which can be related to women. Educated women contribute to economic development. For example, in Africa 46 percent of the female labour force is in agriculture. If they were given proper education they would have been increase in productivity that will hinder economic growth. With investment in education for girls and women significant progress in social and economic gr owth can be deduced according to economic analysis. An increase in girl enrolment in primary schools leads to lower fertility rate, higher GDP per capita and life expectancy. Studies undertaken by a world bank on 20 developing countries find that when devote substantial resources to female primary education which leads to higher economic productivity, improved standard of living and life expectancy, lower infant and maternal mortality compared to countries where women do not benefit from proper education. According to CSO reports, the earlier a child starts going to school every day, and the less risk of slipping into a spiral of poverty in adulthood. Therefore, the EAP program helps families who, for lack of money, do not send their children to school. 2.6 Feminization of poverty The term feminization of poverty refers to the fact that women suffer from poverty much more than men. In countries and across the world, women live in poverty excessively in contrast to men. The term feminization of poverty, created in the 1970s by Diana Pearce, refers to the focus of poverty among women, mainly female-headed households. However, the feminization of poverty, in reality, refers to something broader than merely lack of income or a state of economic need for women. She added that poverty is being feminized because of three main reasons, namely: The growing amount of female-headed households. Individual and cultural stereotypes about and inequity against women and girls. Macroeconomic trends such as globalization and trade that fall short to take into consideration womens position in economy. While the very definition of poverty mean the lack of ability to meet essential needs such as food, clothing, or shelter, being poor also involve the lack of choice, little opportunity, the incapability to accomplish life goals, and eventually the loss of hope. In addition, the feminization of poverty influence more than just women as it affects children, who disproportionately live in female-headed households. According to Bianchi, the increase in non marriage among women, especially those who were adolescent, restricted the income prospective of the family, but also make the legal aspects of child support difficult. The increase of divorce rate, and a rise in life expectancy among women further enhance a gendered poverty, while social programs and income transfers planned to remove individuals out of poverty were less successful in reaching this goal for women than for men. Presently, research persists to prove the existence of a gendered component to poverty, one that has become more obvious and even more prominent with the increase in female-headed households, and perhaps even more noticeable among the young and elderly female population. Female heads of household are not only more likely to be poor, but their poverty is more likely to be elongated. The majority of studies of the hardship of women point to two primary mechanisms that force women into poverty at higher rates: demographic change and the economy. Since the discovery of the feminization of poverty, the nature of social life has changed considerably, as has the structure and nature of the family. Demographic shifts have without doubt rise inequality for women and their children. The amount of children born to unwed mothers has seen a considerable rise since the 1950s. Childbearing out of wedlock, high divorce rate, explain a drastically higher percentage of households headed by single women who are upbringing their children on their own. Moreover, the average lifespan for both males and females has improved and nowadays women are one step ahead of their male counterparts. With a longer life expectancy, women will require significantly more income to guarantee their survival in their later years. Changes occurred in the constitution of family and general demographics have led women and mothers at a substantial disadvantage in terms of the monetary funds accessible to cater for themselves and their families. Apparently the poverty rate among single-male heads of household was around 17.6%, while the rate for single-female heads of household was 36.9% in 2005.undoubtedly, the increase in the divorce rate has somehow affected women, who disproportionately assume the role of primary caregiver when divorce occurs. When coupled with womens usually inferior incomes and less property rights, divorced women promptly became more vulnerable to poverty than men. In the United States, most of the children living at or below the poverty line live in single-mother households. Furthermore, women are less likely to remarry after a divorce than men, which left them to single-income households with fewer resources for a long period of time. In 2005, there were 13.5 million divorced women in the United States-3.7 million, or 37.6%, more divorced women than divorced men. 2.7 Measuring the extent of feminization of poverty Taking into account the extent to which poverty is feminized, one is mostly disturbed with whether or not women disproportionately experience poverty in contrast to men. Conversely, as considered by the Census Bureau and other governmental agencies, both in the United States and around the globe, poverty is a household concept. That is, individuals are classified as poor if they form part of a household in which the household revenue is below the poverty level for the household size. In households headed by married couples, the assumption is that both men and women presumably experience poverty at the same rate-either both members of the couple are in poverty, or neither of them is. According to Christopher et al., the gender gap in poverty exists because single women are poorer than single men. Additionally, in many examples, women living in marriages where their partner is the wage earner are consequently more likely far from poverty. 2.8 Women in politics During the UN Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women on July 2010, some of the successes noted by Helen Hambling, Group Manager, and head of the Australian delegation stressed on the fact that women now comprises of almost one third of parliamentarians, while seven ministerial positions, including the Prime Minister, and the Governor General the highest public position were held by women. Since 1995, womens position improved by three-fold, and of the seven High Court justices, three were women. To enhance the participation of indigenous women in political life, the Government had started the indigenous womens programme. It was a grant programme that supply financial support for actions that would aid lessens those womens disadvantages and promotes their assumption of legislative and management roles. Rachel N. Mayanja, special advisor to the secretary- general on gender issues reported that there are only a few women in politics, with women presently filling just 16.8 percent of parliamentary seats, a slight rise of 4 percent since 1999. LIZ Chadderdon powell highlighted that There are only 19 female CEOs running Fortune 500 companies. That is only 3.8%. Moreover there are seventy-four women in Congress out of five hundred and thirty five seats in both the House and Senate. That implies that women comprises of only 13.8% of Congress while being 52% of the voting population of America. Sarah Brewer, Associate Director of the Women and Politics Institute at American University, states her study on female political consultants demonstrate women frequently work longer in the field before setting up their own firms. three primary reasons for the political consulting industrys glass ceiling: firstly Women are mothers and need to give time to their children, which make it difficult to serve their clients 24/7/365 and loose that edge to their male competitors, moreover being a committee ED or a partner in a firm one need to be powerful some women are shy and cannot be that aggressive and finally people in dominant positions (usually men) are reluctant to move out and give others a leg up. 2.9 Feminization of the labour force The effect of neobileral structural adjustment economic development on woman in the worlds workforces in the global economy is of great interest to policy makers. Standing (1989, 1999) and Catagay and Ozler (1995) suggest that neoliberal structural adjustment generally leads to greater feminization of the labour force caused by both demand and supply side. supply may increase due to the fact that woman enter the labour force to offset declining household and demand may increase as firms may employ more women due to lower cost of female workers. Different studies made on feminization of the labour force such as the modernization hypothesis suggest the economic development contribute to an increase in women labour force participation. On the controversy boserup(1970) who first propose the marginalization hypothesis found that economic development , urbanization relative growth of the manufacturing can lead to a fall in women labour force in the market because their traditional roles in agriculture and home production lose importance. According to the studies of Cooper Lewis (1999),Mintzberg(1996) and Rosener (1990) there is the establishment of a more humane style of management with a rise in women occupying higher level jobs as women show much care to their employees and they are more concerned with their well-being. 2.10 Equal opportunity A recent policy research report by the World Bank (2001) identifies gender equality both as a development objective in itself and as a means to promote growth, reduce poverty and promote better governance. Research undertaken by the university of stellenbosch business school in south Africa found that top level positions is still uncommon ready to accept woman are professional equals as governments policies legislation do not works . In 1996 a Gender Policy Framework (GPF) was set by the African government to authorize the international convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against woman. The GPFs main aim was to integrate gender policies by ensuring that; Womens rights are perceived as human They have equality as active citizens Their economic empowerment is promoted Their social uplift is given priority They are included in decision making They are beneficiaries in political, economic, social and cultural areas. Turning to the labour market, Helen Hambling, Group Manager, Department of Families Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, and alternative head of the Australian delegation recognized that women in Australia still received 18 per cent less than men and were retiring with half the savings of men. The New Fair Work Act recently operated also intended at pay equity between women and men. In the private sector, however, women held one in eight executive management positions, and the number of companies with no women executive managers had increased between the years 2006 and 2008. To deal with that, the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency had developed a combination of regulatory and educative measures, and held round tables across the country 2.11 Role of micro finance in empowering women and reducing poverty Akinyi Janet, Editor of The African Executive magazine reported that Women in Africa are not empowered because of poverty and negative cultural practices. Credit is not very accessible, which is the main restriction on womens capability to earn income. The Microfinance sector is involving African women in the economy as they were in terrible need of income to enhance their small farms which hardly fed them. Statistics shows that women consist of 74% of the 19.3 million of the worlds poorest people now being helped by microfinance institutions. She further said that In Africa, MFIs have witnessed remarkable gains. The sector offers financial services to the poor women in possible micro-enterprises make enterprising women more powerful through financial access and expertise and significantly lessen poverty. Her research shows that more access to savings and credit facilities make women stronger in taking economic decisions. It also develops their skills, knowledge and in addition improves their position in the community. The increase in access to microfinance has made womens path to social and political empowerment easier. Moreover Akinyi Janet found that Women have shown that they are reliable clients especially in repaying loans in a specific time .empowering women has been a success as it increases individual family expenditure on health, education, improved nutrition and food security. The UNDAW report (November 2001) microcredit and microfinance projects have been recognized as key strategies to tackle womens poverty by offering women with the prospect to have their own businesses, augment their productivity and earnings and, attain greater empowerment. However, there is increasing concern among womens organizations, researchers and practitioners concerning the way in which microcredit and microfinance programmes are being encouraged. It is observed that there is limited empirical evidence to maintain a linear relationship between microcredit, poverty alleviation and gender equality and empowerment of women. There are also not many studies that investigate the extent to which microfinance programmes have helped non-economic dimensions of womens empowerment. Hulme and Mosley (1996) also reveal the relationship that exists between credit and poverty reduction is from new investments to the pattern of income change to poverty alleviation. A positive link can be generated between the two depending on whether projects yield high returns and if they can create jobs. World Bank (2001) highlights that the poor can be helped through credit replacing productive assets damaged in a natural disaster. Therefore, microfinance programmes help the poor households to sustain income shocks. Moreover the majority of the micro-credit programmes help mainly women or households headed by women (Otero and Rhyne, 1994; Hulme and Mosley, 1996; Khandker, 1998; Murdoch, 1999b; World Bank, 2001). Sadegh Bakhtiari, from Isfahan University in Iran stresses on the fact that Microfinance can be a helpful means for poverty reduction. However, it should be used thoughtfully -It has been proven that the link between microfinance and poverty alleviation is not simple, because poverty is not an easy phenomenon as there is many obstacles for the poor to cope with. It is important to know what form microfinance is appropriate for the poorest; the delivery channel, methodology and products offered are all linked together and affect poverty. 2.12 Political and economic constraint in empowering women It is a fact that male dominates women under certain aspects like political, economic and socio-cultural and they are much well paid for the same work. Henshall (2004) defines gender equality as the same opportunity given to men and women to be able to lead an enjoyable life. However this may not always be the case as according to Feinstein (1979), there still exists a large gap in female and male wages. For the same job performed women may earn less than men. In Pakistan female job is viewed as inferior and low grade. He also argued that women are obliged to carry out domestic job like household maintenance and child caring. The traditional thinking of people in Pakistan strengthens restriction over empowerment. Khalid (1991) analyses that women are restricted from the political environment in the country. They are not exposed to social, cultural, political and economic participation in the community activities. Their works are unrecognized and they encounter problem with societys attitudes which affect their working capabilities adversely. Henslin (1996) finds that male are commonly paid more for the same work and they usually dominate the socio-cultural, economic and political aspects of the society. In contrast, females are discriminated against economically, politically and socially. Consequently this adversely affects them to emancipate and become independent in life. According to Dr Naz (2009), in Pakistan male has much more power in controlling economic resources. Consequently women are regarded as inferior as they have no say in economic and political affairs as well as decision making also. Furthermore even if women are equally qualified as men yet their income tend to be lower than that of men. However, this type of inequality exists in other countries as well. Due to the complex structure in Pakistan, women face a lot of difficulties in taking part in the economic and political activities in a democratic way and to even exert their voting right. Additionally Hafeez (1983) argued that the traditional thinking of husbands that is they are conservative and believe that women should remain at home as housewives prevents the participation of women in political and economic activities. The ego problem of the husband which restrict women employment have negative effects on their children and family life .At times the relatives (in-laws) are against women employment as they fear of losing their self-image as women may become too independent and neglect their traditional roles. 2.13 Barriers of empowering women through educational attainment According to Amartya Sen (1999) the main focus of women empowerment in the process of development more precisely it includes female education, their employment prospect and the working of the labour market. She also added that difficulty to allow women empowerment through education is due to stereotyping in the formal education system which strengthens the traditional gender characters. Apart from the every day life experience, women are discriminated in the field of education. Male members are seen as the prime source of earnings and parents usually prefer to educate their sons instead of their daughters. The higher one climbs the educational ladder, the more that learning is a masculine experience (Henslin, 1996). Muzammil(2010) in his analysis validates the evidence that a barrier to acknowledging the significance of empowering women through schooling relate to stereotyping in the formal education system which further strengthens gender roles. He also found that it is taken for granted that women with lower level of education than men should earn less. In reality, patriarchy is an obstacle to womens empowerment and it is inter related with the political system to dominate women. Through the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (UNDAW) meeting in 2001 A.Jacqueline emphasise on the fact that Womens rights and gender equality is still an issue in African countries. Women are discriminated in different field such as access to social and economic services. Consequently this act as a barrier to women empowerment. Research conducted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in July 2009 found that media and other reports disclose that women re not allowed to participate in public life. Many working women are threatened or are intimidated. Women are therefore forced to remain at home. We can conclude that this type of behaviour restrict woman to participate in life and emancipate. A forum on the role of women in Saudi Arabia suggest that However, women in the audience criticized the ministry for making it difficult for them to manage their own businesses without a male guardian or agent, which often allows men to wrest control of womens money. Also women are not allowed to drive. Unfortunately, it is such extreme measures have stood in the way of womens employment and narrow their business opportunities. 2.14 Conclusion The literature on women in different field and how women empowerment has been a success till now is considerable. As far as possible the key theories have been analysed, supported by the empirical research that has been carried out on the different features. The subject continues to evolve and there is an interest to go further in empowering women to reduce poverty.

Health Care :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kerry says that he will try to get a stronger affordable healthcare. Over the last three years family premiums increased more than three thousand five hundred and twelve as well as prescription drugs. They have grown four times more and quicker than ever. Now that shows that Kerry will try to improve these high price increases. These costs have hurt our economy. And we do deserve a President that will not make these American family’s become broke. That is pretty much what Bush was doing for the past three years. Kerry mentions that he will try hard to prevent this. Instead of spending three thousand five hundred and twelve a year, Kerry will help us save money by spending only one thousand a year. All the other extra money that Bush would cause us to use we can spend on things like shopping for grocery’s. He will lower the price of prescription drugs, use taxes cuts and most importantly to give a high-quality coverage to ninety-five percent of Americans. To make affordable health care a right not a privilege. I honestly really do agree with this comment one hundred percent. The four main things that John Kerry will do that will help us Americans save more money and afford healthcare. One way is to cut your premiums. To cover all Americans with quality care. To cut the price of prescription drugs. And lastly to cut waste and inefficiency. Bush believes that Americans should be able to have affordable health care. He will not be shifting costs to tax payers. He provides affordable health care for those who deserve it most. Unlike Kerry he said he will try to provide affordable health care to not only the people who need it most but to all Americans and it will be a right not a privilege. Bush mentions the five important things that he has done as a president and will try to continue these things. One was he allowed Americans to own and control their health care. That is a very idiotic comment because we by the health care so of course we should own it Health Care :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kerry says that he will try to get a stronger affordable healthcare. Over the last three years family premiums increased more than three thousand five hundred and twelve as well as prescription drugs. They have grown four times more and quicker than ever. Now that shows that Kerry will try to improve these high price increases. These costs have hurt our economy. And we do deserve a President that will not make these American family’s become broke. That is pretty much what Bush was doing for the past three years. Kerry mentions that he will try hard to prevent this. Instead of spending three thousand five hundred and twelve a year, Kerry will help us save money by spending only one thousand a year. All the other extra money that Bush would cause us to use we can spend on things like shopping for grocery’s. He will lower the price of prescription drugs, use taxes cuts and most importantly to give a high-quality coverage to ninety-five percent of Americans. To make affordable health care a right not a privilege. I honestly really do agree with this comment one hundred percent. The four main things that John Kerry will do that will help us Americans save more money and afford healthcare. One way is to cut your premiums. To cover all Americans with quality care. To cut the price of prescription drugs. And lastly to cut waste and inefficiency. Bush believes that Americans should be able to have affordable health care. He will not be shifting costs to tax payers. He provides affordable health care for those who deserve it most. Unlike Kerry he said he will try to provide affordable health care to not only the people who need it most but to all Americans and it will be a right not a privilege. Bush mentions the five important things that he has done as a president and will try to continue these things. One was he allowed Americans to own and control their health care. That is a very idiotic comment because we by the health care so of course we should own it

Philosophy †Is Memory Reliable Essay

How would I prove that my memory or reasoning processes are reliable? There really is no good way to answer this question. My first thought was, well that should be easy, because I can prove my memory is reliable by the fact that I remember where class is every day that I show up. If I can remember where the classroom is, that must show my memory is reliable. But then I realized that I’m relying on a memory to come up with that example. This makes the question seem like a paradox to even try and answer, because in order to figure out if there is a way to prove my memory is reliable, I must use my memory to recall memories that might apply, and I must also assume the accuracy of the memories I might draw from as example. I cannot prove memory reliability by using logic drawn from the assumption that the memories I used are reliable. This seems to create a fallacy in logic before even getting started. In reality it seems easy to say that yes, although our memories are sometimes wrong, generally more often than not they are right. We know this because we recall from our memory many times each day to do the simplest tasks. If our memory was that flawed, we would be unable to survive on a day to day basis. Where do I get water? How do I get food? How do I drive a car? While this does show that we are able to rely on our memories to complete everyday tasks, it doesn’t prove our memory is consistently true. We cannot be sure that any memory we’ve ever had actually happened exactly the way we remember it (unless material sources are used, like video or pictures to back up the memory) because of a multitude of problems with memory like delusion and distortion. Memories can be easily manipulated and altered in many different ways, from simple re-telling where little details may be unwittingly changed each time a memory is told, to the power of suggestion in which an entirely false memory can be implanted into a persons mind and believed to be true by that person. Although these memories may seem very real to us, even to the point where we are willing to fight for their reliability, they are still factually false. This actually happens a lot! Although it practice these issues with memory exist, they are mostly ignored because we typically use other methods beyond memory alone to help collaborate what we remember. We are validated by others who share the same memory, photos, ect. So although in a philosophical world it seems impossible to find solid clear evidence that memory is truly reliable, but it seems silly, and even dangerous to continually doubt that memory can be reliably called upon. For example, I decide to cross the road without looking both ways because I cannot be sure that being hit by a car would kill me. I might have seen and heard of people being killed by cars in the past, but if I doubt my own memory how could I be sure that speeding cars have the potential to actually kill people. Because of this seemingly correct logic I might then be hit by a car and become a victim of what many would say is clear common sense. So although there is no good way to prove the reliability of memory, we must still rely on it all the same.

How to Study and Discuss Cases

The case study is a powerful learning tool for a business major student. We may find interpreting and writing about cases mystifying, challenging, or downright frustrating. First of all, we should have good attitude, such as personal initiative, self-reliance, curiosity, taking risk and patience.. We should be initiative to study, and to have confidence in ourselves, but also to think independently and find the solutions. Curiosity is necessary to mobilize us to observe and discover all stuff that related to the cases. Dare to take risks, because failure is the mother of success. To have enough patience to think about the case solution. Second, good infrastructure is also important to our case study. The infrastructure includes study environment, tool, other relative context for business case study. Studying in the right place is necessary to us to ensure the quality of learning and thinking because noisy environment diverse out attention from the cases. We also need enough time to read and analyze a case, and spend at least 90 minutes there for each case study. Business dictionary is an important tool for us to analysis cases because many people are not English speaker, and business dictionary helps those people understand all the terms in cases; it is a prerequisite for understanding the case. Expanding the amount of reading is another tool to understand and solve cases, especially business newspaper, magazine, and business-news Web site on the Internet. Those business reading materials not only help us build a context for the case study you are trying to solve at the moment and make connections between the case study and current events, but also helps us know recent market dynamics. Learning to use software such as Microsoft Excel to analyze the data in the case. We should form a study group and meets frequently because we will learn more and perform better in class participation by discussing the cases together in a learning team. We also need to know out professor because the professor is part of the learning infrastructure. Finally, we should keep good execution as well. Read the cases really quickly in the first reading, but do not take notes on the first reading, and read the first few paragraphs that usually say a well-constructed about the problem. Then, go through the exhibits and the data to analysis them. Focus on some basis questions, such as † Who are the protagonists in the case? â€Å", â€Å"Who must take action on the problem? † and so on. Getting answers for those basis questions is the first step of understand entire cases. Finally, we should define the problem based on the concepts, principal and theorem. After defining, we need to think about the solution of the case. When we make solution decision, we keep self-confidence and trust ourselves. In conclusion, analysis business case study is a comprehensive progress. Because there is no right answer to these cases. When we are in the class, we participate actively in support of our conclusions, but still be open to new insights since there is no an exact solution to such cases. Business case studying is a good way of thinking about business situation that we can carry from one job to the future. It is also to lead us to win in the future.

Earnings Managment and The Matrix Format

Earnings Managment and The Matrix Format Free Online Research Papers QUESTION 1 Ann: What is your understanding of earnings management? Tanya: Healy and Wahlen (1999), explained that, Earnings Management occurs when managers use judgement in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of a company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers. Earnings management typically involves false increases/decreases of profit and revenue figures through aggressive accounting tactics. As profit is not very volatile due to earnings management we can look to accruals; the more accruals a company has, the more likely they are to be managing earnings. It can be quiet easy for management to find loopholes in the standards to enable them to manipulate earnings to the desired level. Managers would practice such behaviour to benefit themselves for example, a personal bonus scheme or even to follow market expectations. There are four main ways managers can manage earnings 1) Unsuitable revenue recognition 2) Inappropriate accruals and estimates of liabilities 3) Excessive provisions and generous reserve accounting 4) Intentional minor breaches of financial reporting requirements that aggregate to a material breach. For example managers can estimate future economic events such as choosing LIFO instead of weighted average. Ultimately, earnings managements misinform stakeholders about the fundamental economic performance of the firm. QUESTION 2 Ann: Do you think available-for-sale investments can be used for earnings management? Tanya: Available-for-sale investments could potentially be used for earnings management. Firstly, the firm could involve themselves in selective timing. Meaning that they could sell the asset when in a period of high profit so the unrealised losses will become realised and profit will only decrease a little. The firm may also show a lack of effort to determine fair value, thereby increasing investments. Finally another point to be noted would be the risk of improper accounting for impairment losses (Sullu, M 2006). QUESTION 3: Ann: Do you think any other items in TVC’s financial report could be used for the purpose of earnings management? Tanya: I believe items relating to Foreign currency and held-for-trading investments to be two other items which could potentially be used for earnings management. Selective timing of these two items allows managers to manipulate the figures on the companies’ financial statements by either selling in periods of high profit or visa versa. QUESTION 4: A) Ann: What are available-for-sale investments reported as? Tanya: Available-for-sale investments are reported as their Fair Value. I found this from Note (1B) Investments, from the financial statements. B) Ann: What profit/loss is reported for the year from available-for-sale investments in the profit statement? Tanya: A profit of $15 millions was reported. C) Ann: How much profit/loss is reported for the year from available-for-sale investments in total income and expense for the year? Tanya: A loss of $35 million was reported in this instance. D) Ann: How do you think those figures will impact on the current and future profits? Tanya: Profit for the current year will be $15 million extra, however if the company chooses to sell the available-for-sale investments then the unrealised losses will be realised and profit will decline by $15 million. E) Ann: What was the amount of available-for-sale investments last year then? Tanya: Last years figure was $45 million for available-for-sale investments. QUESTION 5 Ann: Do you think the firm’s executives have engaged in earnings managements? Tanya: I believe the firm could have engaged in earnings management but it is quiet hard to determine from the information given. It is hard to gauge when available-for-sale investments were sold, and in not knowing this decide if the firm engaged in earnings management. We would also need to look at such information as other accruals, when revenue was recognised and check both provision and reserves to see if managers may have had the chance to manage earnings. QUESTION 6 Ann: What do you think about David’s comment that performance should be based on change in equity or profit? Or do you think it should be some other measure? Tanya: I believe that performance should be based on both equity and profit. It is important to look at both statements as they give users a variety of different information. The equity statement holds most of the information stakeholders would need to make informed decisions. However one can see the profit figure is used to derive the end figure for changes in equity, so it would help stakeholders to see how the company came up with the final profit figure. The more information provided helps with the transparency issue so many companies face. PART B QUESTION 1 Ann: (Distributes Exhibit 4) What is your understanding of the reconciliation? Tanya: The reconciliation helps us see values that were not included in the income statement before, however these figures have come from changes in equity. In addition to this, we can see that a total of $62 million was profit from the companies current operations, their core product, being manufacturing. However on closer inspection of the reconciliation we can see that total income recognized in equity was $172 million. This figure indicates that $110 million of profit was not to do with their core product (manufacturing), but secondary income, such as foreign currency. Ann: Do you think it’s important for TVC to disclose this? Tanya: Yes, I think the firm should disclose such reconciliation. As I mention previously it breaks total income up into two sections, letting stakeholders see how much of the actual profit was from core operations and how much of the total income recognized in equity was from secondary sources. QUESTION 2 Ann: (Distributes Exhibit 6) Do the figures change using the matrix format income statement compared to Part A question 4? Tanya: A) Is still reported at fair value same as before. B) Has changed to a loss of $35 million reported in profit. C) Has remained the same at $35 million loss reported in total income and expense. D) Current and future profits will both change using the matrix format. A loss of $35 million will be recorded for the current year, and depending on whether the company sells available-for-sale investments the future year could also see a loss of $35 million. E) Remains unchanged at $45 million also. Overall Ann, I found it easier to find the figures in the matrix format rather that looking through different pages to try and find the figures in Part A. However I find it interesting and unusual that question B differs between the two formats. QUESTION 3 Ann: I don’t really know anything about the matrix format, what is it about? Tanya: The matrix format combines data from the IAS 1 income statement and statement of changes in equity into one statement. It allows users to see items before and after remeasurements by having three columns, 1) Items before remeasurements 2) Items after remeasurements 3) A final column being the totals of the previous two. If a company were to report their income statement in a matrix format it would provide for a more accurate format. This is because items become more transparent. Firstly because all information regarding to income now appears on one page, this includes both realized and unrealized. Secondly because of the structure of the matrix format remeasurement is now easier to find (Tarca, A et al 2007). Ann: Oh, ok, well who would benefit most if we changed to this approach? Tanya: It would benefit stakeholders most, as mentioned previously it’s easier to read and decipher between realized and unrealized items. External users will now be able to be quicker and more accurate at finding information in the statements (Tarca, A et al 2007). Ann: Should the matrix format replace the old system? Tanya: no I don’t think it should completely replace the old system, I just think it should be a supplement for IAS 1 financial reports. QUESTION 4 Ann: hmmm, I see what you mean, but I’m still not too sure about the matrix format. Tanya: So you are still a little confused on the matrix format then? Well I know its made the financial data simpler to read for you but I think the problem you’re faced with is whether or not it’s helping you in your primary decision of offering PB a new contract. I think the matrix format lets us see more clearly the possibility of earnings management. We can gauge more closely what’s happening with available-for-sale investments and other potential items. I think the matrix format has helped make things a little more transparent but not 100% in confirming what you should do about the PB, I think to make that decision we still need more information. Research Papers on Earnings Managment and The Matrix FormatThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part One

Week6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week6 - Article Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates (Seitz & Ellison, 2004). These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts (Lee & Joyce, 2008). If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditio ns of the debt that may permit the local government of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term. Furthermore, another refunding or reorganization tactic is the reduction of the overall expenditures gained by the government. This would establish an additional financial base that should be diverted towards settling the city’s debts. In order for the federal government to decrease the high debts, it is vital that alternative funding options are created in order to support its debt obligation. The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered (Shapiro, 2004). My budget has a defined goal that I have to

Factors That Have Enabled India to Become an Emerging Economy Essay

Factors That Have Enabled India to Become an Emerging Economy - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the increasing competition and changes in the global marketplace have resulted in forcing the organizations to come up with new and innovative methods for increasing the market growth and share. Increasing globalization and internationalization have resulted in providing these organizations with an option to expand into international markets. On the other hand, different countries and international markets are trying to attract the organizations and foreign investment with the help of favorable policies and factors in order to improve the overall economic condition of the country. India is eyeing to become one of the powerful economies of the world, as it can be seen from recent past that Indian economy is showing rapid growth and is amongst the top growing economies of the world at present. India is the tenth largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and is amongst the top three (third largest) economy with respect to purchasing power p arity (PPP). The main reason behind this growth comes from various alterations and transformations made in economic, social and political practices of the country or in simple words by adopting reforms. This has lead towards creating a situation that country which was a few decades ago under the list of under developing countries is amongst the top powerful economies of the world. Meanwhile at present according to the economic survey of 2011-2012, Indian GDP showed a positive growth and is amongst the top three economies of the world that have shown significant growth over a recent past in terms of GDP. However given below are some of the important factors that are playing important role in the growth of the Indian economy. India has been able to grow and improve its economy by attracting more and more international business and organizations. The country is striving hard to provide the international investors with feasible conditions in order to increase the Foreign Direct Investme nt in the country. The economic, political, social, and technological factors all have been shaped in such a manner that more and more international organizations are investing in the country. The economic, political, and technological factors of India are attractive for any method of internationalization including; export based, nonequity based, and equity-based methods for internalization.