Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response in Schools Essay Example for Free

Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response in Schools Essay The professional nurse uses clinical judgment and decision making skills to provide appropriate nursing care and collaborates with other health care professionals responding to the emergency or disaster. The purpose of this paper is to outline the professional nurse’s role and how the nurse works with other responding personnel as well as the community affected in the event of a tornado that affects a school. The Role of the Nurse A disaster is defined as any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, destruction, and/or devastation requiring external assistance (Stanhope, 2012). Schools are generally considered a safe haven for the children attending, but various types of emergencies can occur within the school walls that impact the school and the surrounding community. Severe weather can be a natural disaster when it produces tornadoes. Tornadoes have proven to be large scale disasters, causing problems ranging from loss of power to major structural damage and resulting in physical injuries, including loss of life. Tornadoes outside of a school setting cause severe damage and casualties, but when the tornado hits a school it becomes a disaster setting for all school personnel and the school nurse. The school nurse immediately is looked at when there is any type of medical emergency. When there is an entire school that has been affected by destruction like a tornado, the school nurse is most definitely overwhelmed with patients. The nurse must be prepared and work closely with all responding personnel to ensure a timely response to all affected, inside the school and the parents affected outside the school. The school nurse is an expert in the nursing process and should utilize these steps in order to care for all involved in a disaster like this. The professional nurse, through her education, should be prepared to utilize the nursing process (assess, plan, implement, evaluate). It is critical the school nurse knows his/her role prior to the disaster. His/her role includes triage, coordination of the first aid response team, and direct hands-on care to the victims of the emergency. The school nurse also plays an important role in the mental health support for the students and faculty involved during the emergency and in the recovery phase of the emergency. The nurse must be able to identify with and be able to communicate with all responding healthcare personnel. The responding will include, but is not limited to, firefighters, both paid and volunteer, EMS personnel, Emergency Management Personnel, law enforcement, and local healthcare providers, such as physicians and nurses. The school board office will also have responding personnel to the scene as well. The main goal of the professional nurse is to communicate with all responding personnel and ensure that everyone involved in the response clearly knows their role and who they should report to. Nursing Strategies Every community can always improve in their response to emergencies and disasters. Planning before the disaster hits is the key. Preparations for a facility’s response to an emergency involving realistic training exercises, (O’Boye, 2006) can greatly reduce anxiety levels and increase the likelihood of more positive results. Some examples of emergency and disaster planning includes, but is not limited to, mock exercises, more interagency cooperation in the mock exercises, identifying how we, as a community, will respond, who would be in charge of communications, who would be in charge of logistics, and a list of every one’s role in the emergency response (Laureate, 2012). The school nurse is in a leadership position to provide continuous coordination and training of all school personnel as well as the communities involved as part of the school’s emergency plan. Implementing the National Incident Command system into the school’s emergency plan is vital. This system includes universal protocols and language (Stanhope, 2012). This system acknowledges the need for mutual aid response and allows for easy to understand communication and description of roles no matter what agency or community the responders come from. This system should be implemented in every school because when a disaster strikes, especially at a school, people come from all over the country to render aid and this system provides a framework that everyone can understand. Summary The school nurse’s assistance in community-wide planning groups is helpful in the facilitation of a rapid, coordinated, effective emergency response within the framework of the Incident Command System. This includes establishing standard emergency response plans and participating in skills, drills and exercises to evaluate the response capabilities of a school, as well as the effectiveness of the plan (NASN, 2013). Disasters occurring at schools create a larger scale disaster because not only is there the disaster inside the school, but there is also a disaster created outside the school from all of the parents wanting answers that sometimes takes hours to produce the answers to. Planning is the key and the school nurse is in the position to help in the planning of the response plan in these disasters.

In The Time Of The Butterflies Essay

In The Time Of The Butterflies Essay Many years ago, people believed that women did not have the right to express their ideas and feelings. These people thought that women were born just to get married and become mothers, and if they considered going to school they were often punished by society. At that time, women were not allowed to go to school or to have a job because they had to be in charge of the house. At home, women had not only to take care of their children but also they had to satisfy their husbands, take care of the old and sick members of the family and do the housework. Something very important that we have to consider is that in those times the families did not have just one or two children, but six or seven. This made it even more difficult for them. Women of that time were discriminated against socially. They did not have the same opportunities as men. Women could not have important jobs, and if they had, they did not receive the same treatment and salaries as men. Women were the worst paid and the mo st exploited. Women had always a secondary role in the family and society. Fortunately now, the situation has changed and society has established more rights for the protection of the women. However, there are still some places where people continue to have the negative beliefs about keeping women always at home. Nowadays, women have rebelled against those who think they are just an object that can be bought and sold. Most of them are not afraid to fight for their rights anymore, they are now allowed to do everything they want; they can work, they can express their opinions, they can attend school, and they can even vote and have important jobs in our society. In our new society, women can have as important jobs as men. For example, in Germany, the citizens have a woman as president because now society supports them and believes in them. In this paper, the two stories that I am going to analyse are In The Time of the Butterflies written by Julia Alvarez and The Color Purple written by Alice Walker. My essay is going to focus on the role of the main women in each story. Celie, Nettie, Sofia and the Mirabal sisters. The reason I decided to talk about this topic is because even though I am a man, I think women should receive the same treatment and opportunities as us, men. And also because it is very important to know that women have an important and essential role not only at home but also in labour lives. In The Time of the Butterflies is a story that talks about the lives of the Mirabal family, especially of the Mirabal sisters. This story takes place in the Dominican Republic where each Mirabal sister narrates the story according to her point of view. The Mirabal sisters called Patria, Minerva, Dedà © and Maria Teresa. These women were involved in a movement against Trujillo, who at that time governed the Dominican Republic. This man was an oppressor and he governed the nation in a brutal and cruel way. This movement against Trujillo shows the Mirabal sisters as strong women, women who fought for their rights and who gave their lives in order to get the treatment any woman deserved. On the other hand, The Color Purple is a story about violence, oppression and discrimination against women. Celie, a little black girl, is raped by her stepfather many times. She had two babies by him. Celie receives discrimination from white people, who treat black people as animals or, at best, as servants. Celie is given to Mr Black by her stepfather. Mr Black forces Celie to have sexual relations with him. He beats her. The babies Celie has had from her stepfather have been taken away from her. Celie is just fourteen years old, but she has now to take care of Mr Blacks children. Celie knows nothing about love because she has never experienced that feeling. She has just received beating and oppression from everyone. Mr Black has a son, Harpo, who marries to Sofia. Harpo humiliates and hits Sofia. But he gets a huge surprise; Sofia will not allow it. Sofia is a strong and independent woman who fights for her rights. Nettie, Celie ´s sister, is discriminated against as well. As we see, these two stories have many things in common, and one of the most important is the role that women play in each novel. In The Time of the Butterflies, the Mirabal sisters grew up in an upper class because their father was a businessman. The Mirabal sisters were very close and they were expected to get married and to have babies, and that is what they did. The Mirabal sisters supported each other in any decision they made. Here we can find a clear similarity with The Color Purple; it is because in this novel the sisters Celie and Nettie were always very close as well. Even though these sisters were separated from each other, they were together their thoughts. Another similarity between these two stories is that in both novels women have very traditional roles. For example, in The Color Purple when Celie is taken to Mr Black ´s house, she has to take care of the children, do the housework and satisfy Mr Black. She has to do everything Mr Black wants; she was even forc ed to have sexual relations. Celie was hit by Mr Black and she received a terrible treatment. Even though Celie was just fourteen years old Mr Black did not allow her to attend school. Women at that time were expected to get married and become mothers and going to school did not make any sense at all. It is another similarity with In The Time of the Butterflies, people also thought that women should stay at home with the children. A clear difference between these women is that in The Color Purple Celie, the protagonist of the novel, and her sister Nettie, did not have the opportunity of attending school. They were poor and they did not have someone who could support them. On the other hand, In The Time of the Butterflies, the Mirabal sisters, Patria, Dedà ©, Maria Teresa and Minerva had the opportunity to study because their father, Don Enrique Mirabal, earned enough money to send them to school. However, these sisters suffered too, but in a different way. The Mirabal sisters suffered because of Trujillo. Trujillo was the government of Dominican Republic at that time. He was an oppressor and his dictatorship was brutal. Trujillo used to treat women as objects, he could have any woman he wanted because he had the power. Here, we have another similarity with The Color Purple, in this novel Mr Black was an oppressor and a dictator too. He forces Celie to do things she did not want to do. However, Celie had to ob ey him, and she did not have the opportunity to say what she really thought. Mr Black had Celie as a servant in his house while he spent time with Shug Avery, a woman who Mr. Black loved. Thats why Trujillo and Mr Black have many things in common. Both were machinists. In The Color Purple we have Sofia, character who for me is the strongest woman in the novel. Sofia married Harpo, Mr. Black ´s son. Harpo wants to treat Sofia, his wife; of the same manner, his father treats Celie. However, Sofia is a very intelligent woman and she does not allow it. On the contrary, Sofia takes control of the house and she does not allow herself to be insulted by anybody. She confronts even the white community, this community treated blacks as animals, but Sofia rebelled against that and she fought for her freedom. Unfortunately, she was taken to jail because she hits and insults a very important white man in the town. The similarity with In The Time of the Butterflies is that Sofia has the same courage that Minerva, one of the Mirabal sisters. For me, Minerva was also the bravest and strongest woman in this novel. I think these two women are similar. They have the same purpose in fighting; they wanted freedom for themselves and for their families. These two women did not really care if they lost their freedom in order to get their fights. Minerva Mirabal gave her life in order to have a better country and Sofia, from The Color Purple, lost her freedom in order to get a better treatment for her family and for the black community. Another similarity I found is that in each novel there is one woman who narrates or tells her story through writings. For example, in In The Time of the Butterflies Dedà © narrates her story through a diary, in which she wrote all that happened to her. On the other hand, In The Color Purple Celie tells her story through letters to God. In these papers, Celi and Dedà ¨ could write all their thought and all those things they could not say in front of people. In these papers, they expressed all they felt. And I could say that these papers were like a person they could talk to. In conclusion, I can say that these two stories made me think about the life I want for my daughters in a future. In these novels there was much tragedy but they showed me the value people should give to the women. I personally believe that all women have to have the same opportunities. The society should not distinguish between black and white women, because they are all equals. Consequently, they have to be treated in the same manner as the society treats men. Women have the same and even more capacity as men and sometimes they are stronger. Women have the power to sacrifice her life in order to save their relatives not matter what. The difference between genders is just an obstacle created by the human mind.

Pride And Prejudice And The Romantic Ages English Literature Essay

Pride And Prejudice And The Romantic Ages English Literature Essay Despite its name, Romantic, the Romantic age had only a few things that was related to the real meaning of romance known now, however, love had been the main subject of most of the ages art. The age was actually a great achievement of art and philosophy that resulted in the western societies to change the way they thought about themselves and their surroundings as mentioned in the article Romanticism Adapted from  A Guide to the Study of Literature. Differing from the classical age the romantic age has given artists of that period more freedom and creation. Music for instance was of great value in terms of the way it expresses. Composers of the age used music along with freedom in expression to express nationalism and hence proving their cultural identity also as mentioned in the article Romantic Literature. And as mentioned in the article The Romantic Era it is stated that composers experimented length of compositions, new harmonies, and tonal relationships.   Furthermore, all s trict ideas in the structure of the society were breaking down. The romantic aged has marked a great power of more artistic energy and creativity. Romanticism is featured by many characteristics that influenced art and literature of that age. Starting with love of nature in which the romantics valued the beauty of nature because if the industrial revolution that has happened during that age forcing people to live in cities and loosing the peaceful country side livings. Romantics also valued nature because they believed it helped in realizing the real identity of ones self as mentioned in the article Romantic Literature. A clear romantic feature also appeared in the difference between rationality and emotions. The romantic age writers trusted their emotions in composing and writing unlike the classical ages. Romanticism created trust in human emotions and feelings and has reflected in the creativity of art. Romanticism also showed the belief in artists as the creators of the art. Unlike older ages where an artist was bond to reflect the surroundings in his art, Romanticism gave artists of its age the ability to express their inner feelings and emotions in their work. In older ages, literature and art were for high educated people of certain classes only but Romanticism gave chances for more common the ability to compose and create art under the concept of Nationalism. Exoticism has also reflected along with other features as people became fonder of exotic ideas and the idea of mystery. According to the article Romantic Literature supernatural ideas were also an approach that showed on artists work as they became more attracted to ideas of horror and mystery. Romantic age creativity also ga ve chances to normal people to be heros of an art unlike older classics where a hero is a noble man of high value. Most novels in the romantic age were written by females. One of the most important artists that appeared was the great Jane Austen an English novelist of romance based fiction. One of Jane Austens great writings was the novel Pride and Prejudice. The novel was based on the idea of marriage and how it was affected by the society. austen.jpg She believed that marriage should not be affected by the way people think or family issues and wealth and that it should be based more on ones need and feelings. She tried to convince readers that one should be married for the sake of love. Jane Austen showed how different ideas of her ages society affected the idea of marriage. Different classes of society during that age had certain ways of thinking when the idea of marriage from another class appears. Such ideas included the differences in reputation, pride, identity and family wealth. pride_and_prejudice-movie-picture.jpg In the novel the middle class family, The Bennets get to socialize with the higher class family the Bingleys and the Darcys but the idea that they are lower than them keeps on appearing in the way the novel events go by. Mrs. Bennets hope was to get her five daughters married to men whose class will provide good financial aid to her daughters as at that time a womans only way to possess good financials was getting married to good fortunes as mentioned in the article Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. The first sentence in the novel appears to provide a clear thought of the idea of classes. It stated that, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. This also shows the opposite, that even a woman is in need of a wealthy man with good fortune. It is stated in the article Pride and Prejudice Marriage that marriage for a woman in the authors age is a status for her strive and achieve. Jane Austen reflects that the idea of prejudice between Darcy and Elizabeth when they first met and shows how love can break the boundary of class differences and pride. A major idea that was shown in Janes novel was the idea behind how certain physical appearances really hid how a persons real character is. It is clearly shown in the way Elizabeth was misguided with Mr. Darcys and Mr. Wickhams appearance on how their internal character really is as mentioned in the article Pride and Prejudice: Appearance vs. Reality. By the time most of the novels events are over Elizabeth comes to a decision that her primary impact on both Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham were incorrect. Jane Austen clearly concludes on her novel that appearance often tricks how people judge ones real character. The idea of hypocrisy appears several times in the novel mostly in positions where one of the novels characters has a sarcastic view on some point where he/she neglects that it might be in him/her self. For instance hypocrisy appears when the Bingleys make fun of the Gardners and the Lucas that they have gained their fortunes through trade which reflects low identity when they actually ignore the fact that their fortune has even been gained through trade. Caroline from the Bingleys, is also an example of hypocrisy where she supports her friend Elizabeth as long as it would not harm her plans and then at the closest stop gives her away with a low value letter intentionally. Finally, Pride and Prejudice, is a subject of how marriage acts in a demanding society, a society that demands pride, dignity, wealth and well-being. The novel clearly illustrates the writers feelings of how marriage should not be in the control of society pressures, wealth and appearances but for the sake of ones love. The novel also clearly shows how women had prejudice towards their low class when getting indulged with families of higher class levels. Pride and Prejudice shows not only the idea of love in marriage but represents all kind of relationships and how that the perfect couple with the perfect circumstances and reasons was hard to be found. The writer illustrates this by showing all kinds of thoughts that appear in marriages according to her view of her ages society. Works Cited Page Romanticism. 15 Feb. 2009. 10 May 2010. The Romantic Era. 10 May. 2010. Romantic Literature. 10 May. 2010. Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. 10 May.2010 Pride and Prejudice Marriage. 5 July 2010. 10 May. 2010

Taxation and Political Stability Essay -- Government, Politics, Tax Re

The proposed analysis: taxation and stability policy with a sample of 60 countries around the world during the period 2002 to 2008, helping to make distinctions between the political instability experienced but maintained high taxation, and those states with political stability but with a low taxation. The few variables that are used in the model, and its reduction to a two-way relationship is one of its merits, when compared with other models used in similar studies. The model also contains a simple explanation for a complex problem: measuring the taxing power and its relations with political stability, and vice versa, to measure political stability based on taxation. The model results are not linear, but rather its variables: (Tax, PS, GE, FC and GDP) are involved in the system with a relative weight. In any case shows that the bijective relationship between taxation and political stability depends on the institutional framework and the type of government. Political stability can b e a good predictor of tax stability, although not the only key factor. It is possible to suggest on the basis of these results that the political and institutional stability determines the conditions of economic risk and civil war, divisions between parties and violent conflict, so typical in countries with political instability. Literature rewiev Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler (2009a, 2009b, 2004) have presented arguments to quantitatively assess the causes of political instability and civil wars. Its central hypothesis is that economic opportunities are the main causes of civil wars.Democracies established in dangerous conditions for the resumption of armed conflict, as stressed also James Fearon and David Laitin (2003), in some cases politic... ...me, the model also suggests that the tax reform process can often contain political instability. Previous research has shown that transitions to democracy often go through intermediate regimes (Collier, Pzevorski). This work has shown that can happen a variety of political instability, partial democracies with tax systems of low or high incomes. In a majority of the unstable political regimes of low tax risk is evident. Taxation, as noted, may have indirect relationships with political instability in complex regimens. In any case, when institutions are subordinated to radical struggles between factions or political parties, the tax is at risk of being godless by taxpayers or the sensors are installed in revenue, ready to devour the budget. Then, the corrections made to the fiscal policy effects are not always assertive on the general policies of public spending. Taxation and Political Stability Essay -- Government, Politics, Tax Re The proposed analysis: taxation and stability policy with a sample of 60 countries around the world during the period 2002 to 2008, helping to make distinctions between the political instability experienced but maintained high taxation, and those states with political stability but with a low taxation. The few variables that are used in the model, and its reduction to a two-way relationship is one of its merits, when compared with other models used in similar studies. The model also contains a simple explanation for a complex problem: measuring the taxing power and its relations with political stability, and vice versa, to measure political stability based on taxation. The model results are not linear, but rather its variables: (Tax, PS, GE, FC and GDP) are involved in the system with a relative weight. In any case shows that the bijective relationship between taxation and political stability depends on the institutional framework and the type of government. Political stability can b e a good predictor of tax stability, although not the only key factor. It is possible to suggest on the basis of these results that the political and institutional stability determines the conditions of economic risk and civil war, divisions between parties and violent conflict, so typical in countries with political instability. Literature rewiev Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler (2009a, 2009b, 2004) have presented arguments to quantitatively assess the causes of political instability and civil wars. Its central hypothesis is that economic opportunities are the main causes of civil wars.Democracies established in dangerous conditions for the resumption of armed conflict, as stressed also James Fearon and David Laitin (2003), in some cases politic... ...me, the model also suggests that the tax reform process can often contain political instability. Previous research has shown that transitions to democracy often go through intermediate regimes (Collier, Pzevorski). This work has shown that can happen a variety of political instability, partial democracies with tax systems of low or high incomes. In a majority of the unstable political regimes of low tax risk is evident. Taxation, as noted, may have indirect relationships with political instability in complex regimens. In any case, when institutions are subordinated to radical struggles between factions or political parties, the tax is at risk of being godless by taxpayers or the sensors are installed in revenue, ready to devour the budget. Then, the corrections made to the fiscal policy effects are not always assertive on the general policies of public spending.

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Essay -- The Devil And

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Washington Irving the author of The Devil and Tom Walker uses the setting of the story to convey that things with a good appearance can be deceiving and be putrid on the inside. He also creates the right atmosphere for the story, and gives precise details to the audience so they can predict the topic and how it will develop. In addition, he describes each character in a manner that the readers can infer who they are, their personal characteristics, and the decisions that they might make throughout the development of the story. Moreover, he provides a background for each character in order to understand their actions and their ending. This tall tale occurs near Boston, Massachusetts that as recorded in history was the place that held the witch hangings in 1692. Moreover he wrote â€Å"†¦there is a deep inlet, winding several miles into the interior of the country from Charles Bay, and terminating in a thickly wooded swamp or morass.† The mentioned description and information gives an overview that the tale may contain supernatural situations and smuggling – or related situations- because it provides the perfect sinister and gloomy environment. As equally important when Irving describes the swamp, where most of the story take place, he gives details such as â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the waters’ edge into a high ridge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He also says â€Å"It was full of pits...

The Effect of Divorced Parents to their Children

The research must be qualified as representing average differences and do not necessarily indicate that all children in divorced families are worse off than all children in intact families. Since there is so much discussion of the effects of divorce on school performance, I want to begin by addressing whether there are really any differences between children who live in divorced families and children who live in married two-parent families (intact). The preponderance of the evidence appears to indicate that divorce does have negative effects on children†s adaptation and academic development. Furthermore, the specific effects differ from family to family. The argument that divorce has effects on the ability of a child†s academic performance finds support in the case-control study of Children of Divorce: Academic Outcome (Roizblatt et al, 1997). This study focuses on identifying the specific responses that are susceptible for the low academic outcomes, associated with different levels of hostility, aggression, anxiety, and depression that can last until adulthood. To build upon the hypotheses, the authors then examined whether subsequent disadvantages are measured in all aspects of education, from grade points averages to standardized tests to exams/diplomas and years of completed education. The study was conducted at eight public schools in Santiago, Chile. A total of 446 children were examined where almost half the pupils were found to be of divorced families. The students† results were based on the variables of age, sex, and average marks. In order to provide a means of comparison for the experimental group, the authors had the control group (parents living together) choose names that are on the class list that fulfilled the requirement. The data was analyzed in averages, percentages, estimated odds ratio, and confidence levels. The results indicate that children of divorced parents were on average 20% more likely to fail a course than a child of a controlled group. The average marks were also 20% lower for the non-intact children. However, the attendance was almost identical with both being 95 %. In this study, it is obvious that divorce has an impact on a child†s academic performance. The relationship between intact and divorced children is further investigated in a study (Forehand et al, 1997) of the Cumulative Risks Across Family Stressors: Short and Long Term Effects for Adolescents. Furthermore, it discusses claims made that children from divorced families had their grade point averages, academic achievements, and standardized intelligence test scores decreased during and after the psychosocial adjustment. The study took place in two assessments, early adolescence and early adulthood. The study recruited for participation through local newspaper advertisements and fliers distributed to schools and posted throughout the local community. Additionally, some divorced families were identified through examination of courthouse records and subsequently contacted by mail or telephone. The families were paid $50 for their participation. Approximately six years after the first assessment, follow up research was conducted in which adults filled out questionnaires. In order to avoid common-method variance, individuals were assessed by independent sources: adolescent self-report, teacher report, and school records. Letter grades were obtained from math, English, science, and social studies and were assigned numeric values. In the young adult phase, level of education was also taken into consideration. Several risk factors were included to make the results more valid and consistent. The results of the analysis was shown and expressed through a Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). It showed a significant decrease in level of education completed, grade point averages, and achievement tests for both the adolescents and young adults. The researchers feel that parents† being less available to assist and monitor the children and the conflicts between the parents heavily affects the child and his future. Whereas the article exhibited some weaknesses, it also contained strengths. For example, although only Caucasian people were used, the results did include data from more than one period (adolescence and young adulthood.) The evidence was correct with the authors† prediction, indicating almost exactly what Forehand, Biggar, and Kotchick previously hypothesized. Further evidence that children of divorce do worse academically can be seen in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997). This survey proved that a divorce during a child†s life affects his or her academic abilities during early schools years and throughout college. The previous studies provided answers in the controversy over academic standards of children of divorce. However, there is more to the relationship between a child and the academic abilities possessed. Another method of investigating the relationship focuses on the effects of remarriage following divorce on the academic achievement of children. Although there exists considerable consensus among family theorists regarding the negative effects of divorce upon children both psychologically and in terms of academic achievement, the same consensus does not exist regarding the effects of remarriage. However, social scientists have recently accumulated a sizable amount of evidence indicating that remarriage has ill effects on many children. The journal (Jeyenes et al, 1999), The Effects of Remarriage Following Divorce on the Academic Achievements of Children examines the assumption by educators that parental remarriage benefits children academically. Most educational researchers and theorists have given almost no exhortations to the needs of children of divorce from reconstituted families. The primary reason has been that researchers and Americans, as a whole, believe that parental remarriage generally benefited children. The study included students from the 1988, 1990 and 1992 National Longitudinal Survey data sets that matched students by family structure, race, and socioeconomic status. The project was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education†s National Center for Statistics and designed by the National Opinion Research Center. The research included 24,599 students from 1052 schools. Questionnaires were given out to the parents, teachers, and students. Furthermore, achievement tests in math, reading, science, and social studies were administered to students. These tests were curriculum based cognitive tests used in overlapping methods to measure academic achievements. For all the standardized tests, the mean scores for children from divorced, reconstituted families were less than for both children of divorce from single-parent families and children from intact families. When matched for race and socioeconomic status, the differences were not statistically significant. Children living in a divorced, reconstituted family had negative results compared with an intact family. This fact was shown in all four-test measures: lower in math, science, and social studies, but the smallest effect was in the reading test. Contrary to popular misconception, the children of reconstituted families scored lower in all aspects of the tests than children of divorce from single-parent families. These findings do not support the assumption held by many educators that children of divorce from reconstituted homes are better off than divorced and intact children. Actually, the results support the idea that children of divorce from reconstituted families are at an academic disadvantage versus their counterparts in intact families, and are no better off academically than children of divorce from single-parent families. To solidify the results of this research another journal similarly argues that the reconstitution of a family shows lower educational attainments. This is the (Jonsson et al, 1997) Journal of Family Dissolution, Family Reconstitution, and Children†s Education. The study is done both longitudinally and cross-sectionally on large and recent Swedish data. It demonstrates that compared to children in intact families, children who have experienced family reconstitution show lower academic and educational attainment. The journal examines the association between family structure and children†s educational attainment, measured as early school leaving and transition to upper secondary school. The research is done in Sweden, which is a society characterized by a generous and predominantly universal social policy. The respondents started school at age seven and passed through the comprehensive Swedish school system consisting of nine compulsory grades. The data consists of 120,000 cases that were studied for every aspect of a person†s education. The Swedish Commission collected the information on Educational Inequality. First, the researchers found that children of remarried parents continued at school after the compulsory years less often than did those from other family types. For example, they had an 8% more chance of leaving school and 20% less change of going on to college. These problems are due to both poorer performances in school as measured by lower grade point averages, as well as educational decisions on study programs. Both analyses demonstrated that Swedish children who have experienced family reconstitution show decreased academic proficiencies. The cross-sectional analysis shows that children†s attainment is markedly lower in reconstituted families consisting of two non-married parents than in single parent families. The study consistently reveals educational disadvantages for children from separated and remarried families, as measured by standardized tests, exams/diplomas, grade point average, and years of completed education. The analysis of the four aforementioned studies reveals much about the effects of divorce and remarriage on a child†s education. It is obvious that children react to a major change in their lives with a plethora of powerful emotions. In both the Roizblatt and Forehand articles, divorce was shown to have a negative impact on grades and test scores throughout a child†s career. However, there are numerous reasons explaining these effects including conflicts, stress, economic losses, and adjustments. In both the Jonsson and Jeynes articles, conclusions stated that remarriage adversely affects a child†s education. However, reconstitution of a family may also have its advantages. Again, the child is faced with problems like not trying or not getting along with the new member of the family. Results show that the majority

Costing Methods Paper Essay

Variable and absorption costing methods are two different costing methods. Almost all successful companies in the world use both methods. Variable costing and absorption costing cannot be substituted for one another because both the systems have their own benefits and limitations (Accounting for management). This paper will complete and discuss exercise 19-17 in Wiley Plus: it will discuss the following questions: In this case, would it be better to use the variable or absorption costing method, and why? In this example Polk Company should use the absorption method, because the absorption only uses overhead that allocates to the 80,000 units sold. Whereas the variable method counts the fixed overhead as a period expense, the fixed overhead during this period is calculated on 95,000 units produced, when the absorption method is used. The variable method just calculates fixed overhead on 80,000 units sold. What are the benefits of the two methods? Both systems have their own benefits and limitations. The absorption method gives management information of product cost this is the main benefit of the absorption method. The benefit of the variable method is it gives an output the mimics the cash flow of the company. Which method would lead to the best decision when a competitor is submitting a lower bid for your product? The absorption method would be best although both methods are used, with variable costing expenses remains the same, and with the absorption method fixed production cost are period cost. Variable costing method helps with demand based pricing. References Accounting for management. (n.d.). Variable costing versus absorption costing. Retrieved from http://www.accountingformanagement.org/variable-vs-absorption-costing/